Legal Momentum

Legal Momentum, formerly known as NOW Legal Defense and Education Fund, is the oldest legal advocacy group for women in the United States. It was founded in 1970 as the NOW Legal Defense and Education Fund, a 501(c)3 nonprofit, by leaders of NOW.[3] Muriel Fox was one of its co-founders and an ongoing leader of it.[2] It changed its name to Legal Momentum in 2004. Legal Momentum is a liberal[4] multi-issue organization dedicated to advancing women’s rights across the country. It is headquartered in New York City with an office in Washington, D.C. that focuses primarily on policy initiatives and legislative issues.[5][6][7]

Legal Momentum

Formation	1970 (Founded as the NOW)[1]
Founder	Muriel Fox[2]
Type	Non-profit
Headquarters	New York City, New York, United States

Major initiatives and involvement

• Wins Sprogis v. United Air Lines, Inc. (marital status discrimination and sex discrimination), 1970.
• Establishes the Judicial Appointment Project and the National Judicial Education Program to increase the number of female federal judges and eliminate gender bias in the courts, 1978-88.[8][9][10] The National Judicial Education Program continues to develop training materials and provide training for judges, prosecutors, and multidisciplinary audiences nationwide in order to improve the handling of sexual assault cases.
• Wins Tallon v. Liberty Hose Co. No. 1, (women as firefighters and gender-bias), 1984.[11]
• Robinson v. Jacksonville Shipyards (workplace pornography constitutes sexual harassment), 1991 and 1995.[12]
• Crafts the Violence Against Women Act, 1994, and its 2000, 2005, 2011, and 2013 reauthorizations.
• Argued United States v. Morrison (concerning the private right of action under the original Violence Against Women Act, including before the U.S. Supreme Court, 2000
• Authors and works to enact the Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act, 1994.
• Amicus curiae in United States v. Virginia involving the Virginia Military Institute's denial of admission to women, 1996.
• Founded Women's eNews in 1999 as an online news service highlighting women's issues.
• Lobbyist in favor of the Child and Dependent Care tax credit, 2001.
• Apessos v. Memorial Press Group, (employer's discrimination against abuse victim by denying leave from work to obtain protection orders is unlawful), 2002.[13]
• Amicus curiae in Nevada Department of Human Resources v. Hibbs, 2003.
• Argued United States v. The City of New York, (interpreting the Civil Rights Act of 1964 as applied to welfare recipients), 2004.[14]
• The National Judicial Education Program (NJEP) posts an extensive online course on an almost invisible issue with critical implications for risk assessment, Intimate Partner Sexual Abuse: Adjudicating This Hidden Dimension of Domestic Violence Cases. Focused on judges but useful for multidisciplinary audiences, the online course is free and open to all, http://www.njep-ipsacourse.org, 2008.
• Amicus curiae in "U.S. v. Castleman," (gun ownership by convicted domestic abusers), 2014; Supreme Court's opinion cited information from the amicus brief by National Network to End Domestic Violence, Legal Momentum, et al.[15]
• Amicus curiae in "Young v. United Parcel Service," (workplace accommodations for pregnant workers), 2014; [16]

Name confusion and notability

When Legal Momentum changed its name in 2004 it appeared to lose its identity in the eyes of both the non-profit world and the general public, and so hired a marketing firm to address the loss.[17]

See also

• Civil rights
• Constitutional law
• Employment law
• Equal Pay Act
• Gender discrimination

References

1. "Honoring Our Founders & Pioneers". NOW.org. NOW. Retrieved March 31, 2015.
2. Feminists Who Changed America 1963-1975., University of Illinois Press, 2006, pp. 154–155, 13, 20, 99, 357, xvii–xix
3. "Honoring Our Founders & Pioneers". NOW.org. NOW. Retrieved March 31, 2015.
4. Jones, Rachel (18 April 2005). "All Things Considered". NPR.
5. See the Safe at Work Coalition Archived 2008-07-03 at the Wayback Machine's membership roster.
6. Legal Momentum, 'About' web page.
7. See the U.S. Department of Justice's list: Domestic Violence National Organizations Archived 2009-07-22 at the Wayback Machine.
8. Because of this effort, the National Center for State Courts now has an entire Resource Guide Archived 2009-09-26 at the Wayback Machine addressing gender-bias issues in the State courts. Legal Momentum's efforts in the federal courts resulted in the Equal Justice for Women in the Courts Act of 1994. Archived 2009-07-22 at the Wayback Machine
9. See Catherine Pierce's statement made as Acting Director of the U.S. Department of Justice's Office on Violence Against Women before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary on June 10, 2009, section entitled 'Expanding Nationwide Training, Education, and Promising Practices Regarding Violence Against Women', subsection 2, Improving Judicial Response to Violence Against Women Through Judicial Institutes."Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-07-22. Retrieved 2009-09-21.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
10. And see Legal Momentum's account of its task forces Archived 2009-09-12 at the Wayback Machine.
11. Tallon v. Liberty Hose Co. No. 1 , 485 A.2d 1209 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1984). (A volunteer fire department may be held liable under section 1983 for violating a plaintiff's constitutional rights.)
12. Robinson v. Jacksonville Shipyards Archived 2012-02-27 at the Wayback Machine, 760 F. Supp. 1486; 1991 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 4678; 136 L.R.R.M. 2920; 57 Fair Empl. Prac. Cas. (BNA) 971; 55 Empl. Prac. Dec. (CCH) P40,535.
13. Apessos v. Memorial Press Group, No. 01-1474-A, 2002 Mass. Super. LEXIS 404 (Mass. Super. Ct. Sept. 30, 2002).
14. Jonathan Rosenbloom, Do Welfare Workers Deserve Workplace Protection?, Gotham Gazette, February 2003.
15. "UNITED STATES v. CASTLEMAN". LII / Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 2019-05-09.
16. "Young v. UPS (U.S. Supreme Court) | Legal Momentum". www.legalmomentum.org. Retrieved 2019-05-09.
17. Nancy Schwartz, CASE STUDY: How a Nonprofit Name Change Generated Attention and Momentum . Archived June 19, 2009, at the Wayback Machine

External links

• Legal Momentum's official blog
• Legal Momentum website
• Records of the NOW Legal Defense & Education Fund, 1968-2008: A Finding Aid. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.
• Records of Legal Momentum, 1978-2011: A Finding Aid. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.