Larose Forest

Larose Forest is a man-made forest in the United Counties of Prescott and Russell, Ontario, Canada. It is about 60 kilometres (37 mi) east of Ottawa, straddling the boundary of Clarence-Rockland and The Nation municipality.

Larose Forest
Geography
LocationUnited Counties of Prescott and Russell, Eastern Ontario, Canada
Coordinates45°22′31″N 75°09′54″W
Elevation61–84 m (200–276 ft)
Area109.45 km2 (42.26 sq mi)
Governing bodyUnited Counties of Prescott and Russell

The 10,944.7 hectares (27,045 acres) forest, part of the 71,100,000 hectares (176,000,000 acres) of forest in Ontario,[1] is named after Ferdinand Larose, and is owned and managed by the county. Recreational activities in the multi-purpose forest include hiking, mountain biking, snowshoeing and cross-country skiing, hunting and trapping, animal watching, horseback, ATV and snowmobile riding.[2] The forest is also used for small scale logging operations.

The forest is the second largest man-made forest in southern Ontario and in 2011 was called an "unappreciated world leader as an example of environmental sustainability."[3][4]

History

All of Eastern Ontario was originally forested with large stands of maple, white cedar, white pine and tamarack, as well as red pine wherever the soil was sandy. Other than trapping for the fur trade, little to no human development occurred and the area remained untouched until the end of the 18th century.[5]

But as a result of the Napoleonic Wars, England needed new lumber sources for its navy and shipbuilding in 1805. This led to a rapid growth of the logging industry in the Ottawa River basin. By the mid 19th century, logging reached its peak and the best stands of old-growth pines were already cut. To keep the lumber mills in Lemieux, Fournier, Lalonde, Proulx, Riceville, and St. Isidore going, smaller trees were also harvested. Additionally, the remaining vegetation was burned to clear the land for agriculture. This left most of the county as a blow-sand desert.[3][5]

This complete disruption of the ecosystem caused serious problems. Rivers that previously flowed year-round became intermittent or dried up, fires would burn out of control, the sandy soil eroded, and certain animal and plant species completely disappeared while other species proliferated to the point of becoming pests. The area was then known as the Bourget Desert.[3][5]

To address the problems, a replanting project was initiated in the 1920s, spearheaded by Ferdinand Larose who was the agricultural representative for the Counties of Prescott and Russell. In 1928, Larose persuaded the Russell County Council to purchase 1,200 acres (490 ha) from private landowners for reforestation in the Bourget Desert, and that same year, the first 40 hectares (99 acres) were planted in red pine, with Leo Lapalm of Bourget as planting foreman. While the county owned the land, management was the responsibility of Ontario Department of Lands and Forests (now Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry). Additional land was purchased at a rate of about 400 hectares (990 acres) per year between 1945 and 1956.[3][4][5]

Tree planting continued throughout the following decades, increasing to about 1 million trees planted annually in the 1940s and 1950s. Initially mostly red pine, white pine, and white spruce were planted, while later on poplar, birch, and other deciduous trees were added. By the 1970s, most of the land had been reforested and planting was reduced to about 200,000 trees per year. By 2016, more than 18 million trees had been planted and the first seedlings planted in 1928 had grown to about 27 metres (89 ft) in height.[3][5]

In 2000, the management responsibility of the forest reverted to the County. In 1989, Larose Forest won the first “Ontario’s Forest of the Year” award, and in 2007, it was awarded FSC Certification.[3][6]

Climate

Based on the nearest climate station in Russell, the mean annual temperature in Larose Forest is 6.5 °C (43.7 °F) for the period 1981-2010, up from 6.2 °C (43.2 °F) for the period 1971-2000. January is the coldest month of the year (with a daily average temperature of −10.2 °C (13.6 °F)) and July is the warmest month (daily average temperature of 20.8 °C (69.4 °F)).[7]

Annual rainfall is 789.2 millimetres (31.07 in) and snowfall is 191.8 centimetres (75.5 in), for a total precipitation of 981.0 millimetres (38.62 in). Snow cover at the end of January and February was 23 and 22 centimetres (9.1 and 8.7 in) respectively.[7]

Due to this climate, Larose Forest is in plant hardiness zone 5a.[8]

Ecology

Larose Forest is a forested island in the mostly agricultural landscape of the Saint Lawrence Lowlands. It can be divided into three main ecozones: softwood plantings, red maple stands, and wetlands. These areas contain a large variety of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, insects, fish, vascular plants and mushrooms. The most common animals include deer, beavers, moose, turtles, butterflies and birds of prey.[9]

Soils are mostly acidic fine sands of the well drained Uplands, imperfectly drained Rubicon, and poorly drained Saint-Samuel series, all of which have a classic podzol appearance in undisturbed areas.[10]

Flora
Larose Forest, October 2019

As of April 2015, 673 different vascular plant species have been identified in Larose Forest, including 77 regionally significant species, 8 provincially vulnerable or endangered species, as well as 1 critically endangered species in Ontario (large purple-fringed orchid/Platanthera grandiflora).[11]

The following are the predominant tree species in Larose Forest:[8]

Fauna

The number of mammal species found in Larose Forest is 29, including big game animals moose (Alces alces), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), and American black bear (Ursus americana). Other species include coyote (Canis latrans), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), American mink (Mustela vison), raccoon (Procyon lotor), snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus), and Canadian beaver (Castor canadensis).[8][12]

The number of moose dropped considerably in the 1990s and 2000s. Whereas in 1994 the density of moose in Larose Forest was 7.0 moose per 10 km2, it had reduced to 2.2 per 10 km2 by 2007. In optimal conditions, Larose Forest should be able to sustain more than four times as many moose.[8]

As of September 2016, 144 bird species have been observed in Larose Forest, including 93 confirmed species that breed there.[13]

As of May 2015, 19 reptile and amphibian species have been observed, including:[12]

Fungi

As of September 2007, 506 fungus species have been found in Larose Forest.[15] As of September 2016, 70 species of lichen have been identified, of which 2 are regionally or provincially rare or significant.[16] Additionally, 11 liverwort and 55 moss species are known to be present, of which 6 species are vulnerable in Ontario.[17]

References
  1. "Forestry Facts". Ontario Forest Industries Association. Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry. Retrieved 2020-01-17.
  2. "Larose Forest". en.prescott-russell.on.ca. United Counties of Prescott & Russell. Retrieved 15 November 2019.
  3. "Larose Forest: History and Ecology". ofnc.ca. Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club. 25 January 2010. Retrieved 15 November 2019.
  4. John Bacher (Fall 2011). "Ferdinand Larose - Key Architect of Ecological Resurrection of Eastern Ontario" (PDF). Forestory. Forest History Society of Ontario. 2 (2): 21–23. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
  5. "Larose Forest: Story Map Journal". ucpr.maps.arcgis.com. United Counties of Prescott & Russell. Retrieved 15 November 2019.
  6. "Profiles of Certified Community Forests in Eastern Ontario" (PDF). www.eomf.on.ca. Eastern Ontario Model Forest. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
  7. "Russell, Ontario Station Data". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2019-11-28.
  8. Horizon Multiressource inc. (May 2008). "Protection and Development Plan of Larose Forest" (PDF). United Counties of Prescott and Russell. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  9. "Larose Forest: Nature Observation". en.prescott-russell.on.ca. United Counties of Prescott & Russell. Retrieved 15 November 2019.
  10. Wicklund, R. E.; Richards, N. R. "Soil Survey of Russell & Prescott Counties" (pdf). Retrieved 18 January 2020.
  11. "Vascular Plants of Larose Forest" (PDF). ofnc.ca. Ottawa Field-Naturalists’ Club. 27 April 2015. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
  12. Christine Hanrahan (2016). "Larose Forest BioBlitz Report: 2016" (PDF). ofnc.ca. Ottawa Field-Naturalists’ Club. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  13. "Birds of Larose Forest" (PDF). ofnc.ca. Ottawa Field-Naturalists’ Club. September 2016. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  14. "Ontario Turtles". Ontario Turtle Conservation Centre. Retrieved 18 January 2020.
  15. "Fungi of Larose Forest" (PDF). ofnc.ca. Ottawa Field-Naturalists’ Club. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  16. "Lichens of Larose Forest" (PDF). ofnc.ca. Ottawa Field-Naturalists’ Club. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  17. "Mosses and Liverworts of Larose Forest" (PDF). ofnc.ca. Ottawa Field-Naturalists’ Club. Retrieved 20 December 2019.

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