Lady Elizabeth Hastings

Lady Elizabeth Hastings (19 April 1682 – 21 December 1739), also known as Lady Betty, was an English philanthropist, religious devotee and supporter of women's education. She was an intelligent and energetic woman, with a wide circle of connections, including artists, writers and designers, an astute business investor and proponent of innovative farming techniques.

"Lady Betty" redirects here. For the United States Navy patrol vessel, see USS Lady Betty (SP-661). For the Irish executioner, see Elizabeth Sugrue.
For other people named Elizabeth Hastings, see Elizabeth Hastings.

Lady Elizabeth Hastings
Lady Elizabeth Hastings by Godfrey Kneller
Born19 April 1682
Charles Street, London [1]
Died21 December 1739
Ledston Hall, Yorkshire
FatherTheophilus Hastings, 7th Earl of Huntingdon
MotherElizabeth Lewis (died 1688)[2]

She refused several marriage offers and on her death in 1739, her nephew Francis inherited her estate at Ledston. The rest of her property was used to endow various educational trusts, which still provide funds for scholarships at The Queen's College, Oxford, and the 'Lady Elizabeth Hastings Charities'. In addition, a number of primary schools in West Yorkshire bear her name.

Biography
Ledston Hall, Elizabeth's home, now a listed building

Elizabeth was born in April 1682, to Theophilus Hastings, 7th Earl of Huntingdon (1650–1701) and his first wife Elizabeth Lewis, co-heiress of Sir John Lewis, a wealthy merchant who owned Ledston Hall, [lower-alpha 1] in West Yorkshire. Of nine children from this marriage, only Elizabeth and her brother George, later 8th Earl of Huntingdon (1677–1705) survived into adulthood.[4]

Two years after Elizabeth Lewis died in 1688, Huntingdon married Mary Fowler (1664–1723), the wealthy widow of Thomas Needham, 6th Viscount Kilmorey (1659–1687).[5] They had two sons and four daughters; Ann (1691–1755), Catherine (1692–1739), Frances (1693–1750), Theophilus, 9th Earl of Huntingdon (1696–1746), Margaret (1699–1768) and Ferdinando (1699–1726).[4]

Her father quarrelled with George over the Ledston estate, leading to a legal dispute only resolved in 1703, two years after his death in May 1701.[6] Once this was settled, Elizabeth received Ledston Hall and £3,000 per year; when George died suddenly in February 1705, she also inherited his share of their grandfather's estate.[1] An attractive, young and extremely wealthy lady of reputed wit and warmth, she received several marriage proposals but her correspondence indicates remaining single was a conscious choice.[7]

George's titles passed to his half-brother Theophilus; Elizabeth paid for his memorial in St James' Church, Piccadilly, which can still be found in the east gallery, south side.[8] He left an illegitimate son named Henry, who was brought up by Elizabeth and is thought to be the Henry Hastings who was treasurer of the Society for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge from 1745 to 1747.[9]

She supervised the education of her siblings and her four half-sisters lived at Ledston Park for many years. In 1726, she arranged Theophilus's marriage to Selina Hastings (1707–1791), a key figure in the early Methodist movement and founder of the evangelical sect known as the Countess of Huntingdon's Connexion.[10]

Career
Joseph Smith (1670-1756), Provost of The Queen's College, Oxford

Her father was closely associated with James II, who destroyed his support base when his religious policies seemed to go beyond tolerance for Catholicism and become an assault on the Church of England. As one of the few to support these policies until the very end, Huntingdon's reputation suffered from being seen as an active persecutor of his own church.[11] Late in life, Elizabeth recorded memories of attending her mother's deathbed in London in December 1688, with widespread panic and rioting in the streets outside over fears of a Catholic invasion.[12]

Exclusion from political life meant women like Elizabeth often found an outlet in religion and education, viewed as fitting their 'role' as nurturers and providers of moral guidance. She adopted her father's High Church, Tory beliefs, although she was not a supporter of the exiled Stuarts. Many of her clerical contacts were Nonjurors, those who refused to swear allegiance to William III after the 1688 Glorious Revolution; the vast majority simply felt bound by their oath to James and the issue went away when he died in 1701.[13]

They included Joseph Smith, who became Provost of The Queen's College, Oxford and later persuaded her to fund scholarships at the college.[lower-alpha 2] Smith was part of a network that combined Tory, High Church beliefs with support for the post-1688 settlement, and was well-known for converting Catholic members of the English aristocracy to Anglicanism. In 1715, he advised Elizabeth to take the Oath of Abjuration, denying the right of James Francis Edward Stuart to the throne.[14]

He also provided guidance when she became interested in Methodism; this began as a reform movement within the Church of England and accusations of Jacobitism derived from its rejection of existing structures, rather than support for the Stuarts.[15] Her friend and distant relative Catherine Stanhope married William Wogan (1678-1758), an evangelical on close terms with Methodist leaders John Wesley and George Whitefield. When Catherine died in 1726, her seven year old daughter went to live at Ledston Hall.[16]

Elizabeth's distant relative, poet and playwright William Congreve

Although women were not officially permitted to become members, she was closely connected to the Society for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge; this brought her into contact with wealthy philanthropist and Non-Juror Robert Nelson (1656–1715), whose works were apparently read as homilies at Ledston.[17] Together with Lady Catherine Jones, in 1709 she funded a girls' school in Chelsea, supported by the Society.[18] It is thought to be the first in England that had an all-women Board of Governors.[17]

The school and its curriculum was run by Mary Astell (1666–1731), an educationalist sometimes called the first English feminist.[19] Astell was the daughter of a wealthy, upper-class merchant, who shared Elizabeth's Non-Juror connections and political beliefs. She is now best known for her essay 'Some reflections on marriage', in particular her question "If all Men are born free, how is it that all Women are born Slaves?"[20]

Elizabeth was distantly related to poet and playwright William Congreve; he referenced her in the Tatler journal, as did Richard Steele, who wrote "...to know her is an immediate check to loose behaviour, and to love her a liberal education."[21] Both referred to her as Aspasia; it is not clear why, since the Greek original was reputedly a high-class courtesan, but her connections clearly extended beyond religious philanthropy.[22]

Elizabeth's sister-in-law and Methodist reformer, Selina, Countess of Huntingdon (1707–1791)

Unlike her more combative sister-in-law Selina, she was known for her warm nature and as a generous host, despite being personally abstemious. The gardens at Ledston were laid out by Charles Bridgeman, who designed those at St James's and Hyde Parks; she was considered an innovative landlord, encouraging the use of irrigation techniques and fertilisers by her tenants.[1] She owned one of the first personal accounts with Hoare's Bank, which was used for her business dealings, including investments in the early stock market. This was designed to produce cash, since landed wealth was relatively illiquid, and allowed her far greater flexibility in terms of donations.[23]

Several primary schools in West Yorkshire still bear her name, including Ledston,[24] Collingham,[25] and Thorp Arch.[26] In 1721, she made a significant donation towards construction of Holy Trinity Church, Leeds, as well as contributing ideas to its design.[27]

Early in 1738, she was diagnosed with breast cancer and underwent a mastectomy, performed without anaesthetic, but her health continued to decline. Needing to survive another 12 months to comply with the laws on establishing a trust, she died at the end of 1739, one year and one week later. She was buried in All Saints Ledston, a church dating back to the 7th century.[28]

Ledston and its library were left to her nephew Francis, much to the disappointment of Lady Selina, whose own charitable works were rapidly exceeding her resources.[29] Scholarships at Queen's College for northern students were funded by her Wheldale estate, site of Wheldale Colliery from 1868 to 1988. The remainder established the 'Lady Elizabeth Hastings Charities', focusing on education, primarily in the North of England; they still exist and in the decade since 2008, awarded grants totalling more than £2.2 million.[30]

Notes
  1. Also spelled Ledstone Hall[3]
  2. She left the manor of Wheldale to Queen's College, to support five poor scholars from schools in the north of England. The Trust still supports these, now open to students from thirty schools, with a focus on Cumberland and Westmorland, as well as post-graduates from the universities of Leeds, Sheffield, Hull, York, and Bradford.[1]

References
  1. Guerinni 2004.
  2. http://www.thepeerage.com/p3305.htm#i33048
  3. Borthwick Catalogue record as an example showing use of older spelling.
  4. The Peerage & Theophilus Hastings, 7th Earl of Huntingdon.
  5. Thomas Needham, 6th Viscount Kilmorey.
  6. House of Commons 1803, p. 237.
  7. Scott 1983, p. 98.
  8. Bell 1821, p. 144.
  9. Scott 1983, pp. 103–104.
  10. Schlenther 2008.
  11. Miller 1978, pp. 156–157.
  12. Scott 1983, p. 95.
  13. Overton 1902, p. 14.
  14. Laurence 2010, p. 203.
  15. Monod 1993, pp. 197–199.
  16. Urbanus 1814, p. 517.
  17. Scott 1983, p. 100.
  18. Donawerth 2002, p. 100.
  19. Livingstone 1998, p. 87.
  20. Astell 1700, p. 37.
  21. Stephens 1982, p. 606.
  22. Scott 1983, p. 96.
  23. Laurence 2010, pp. 201–213.
  24. "Lady Elizabeth Hastings Church of England (Voluntary Aided) Primary School LEDSTON". Ladyehastings.leeds.sch.uk. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
  25. "Collingham, Lady Elizabeth Hastings Primary School". Collingham School. Retrieved 15 October 2019.
  26. "Lady Elizabeth Hastings' CE VA Primary School". Lady Hastings Thorp Arch. Retrieved 15 October 2019.
  27. Linstrum 1978, p. 186.
  28. Nickson, Chris. "The Oldest Building in West Yorkshire". Chrisnickson.co.uk. Retrieved 15 October 2019.
  29. Tyson & Schlenther 2006, p. 5.
  30. "Lady Elizabeth Hastings Charities; Facts and Figures". Lady Elizabeth Hastings Charities. Retrieved 16 October 2019.

Sources
  • Astell, Mary (1700). Some reflections upon marriage occasion'd by the Duke & Dutchess of Mazarine's case, which is also considered. John Nutt.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Bell, Henry Nugent (1821). The Huntingdon Peerage. Baldwin, Cradock and Joy.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Donawerth, Jane (2002). Rhetorical Theory by Women Before 1900: An Anthology. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0742517165.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Guerinni, Anita (2004). "Hastings, Lady Elizabeth". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/12564.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  • Hill, Bridget (2001). Women Alone Spinsters in England 1660–1850. Yale University Press. ISBN 0300088205.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Journals of the House of Commons, Volume 11; 1693-1697. House of Commons. 1803.
  • Laurence, Anne (2010). "Lady Betty Hastings (1682–1739): godly patron" (PDF). Women's History Review. 19 (2): 201–213. doi:10.1080/09612021003633911. S2CID 145687985.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Linstrum, Derek (1978). West Yorkshire Architects and Architecture. Lund Humphries Publishers Ltd. ISBN 978-0853314103.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Livingstone, Neil (1998). Yun, Lee Too (ed.). Pedagogy and Power: Rhetorics of Classical Learning. CUP. ISBN 978-0521594356.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Miller, John (1978). James II; A study in kingship. Menthuen. ISBN 978-0413652904.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Monod, Paul Kleber (1993). Jacobitism and the English People, 1688–1788. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521447935.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Overton, JH (1902). The Nonjurors: Their Lives, Principles, and Writings (2018 ed.). Wentworth Press. ISBN 978-0530237336.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Schlenther, Boyd Stanley (2008). "Hastings [née Shirley], Selina, countess of Huntingdon (1707-1791)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/12582.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  • Scott, Beatrice (1983). "Lady Elizabeth Hastings". The Yorkshire Archaeological Journal. 55.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Stephens, John Calhoun (1982). The Guardian. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0813114224.
  • The Peerage. "Theophilus Hastings, 7th Earl of Huntingdon". The Peerage. Retrieved 14 October 2019.
  • The Peerage. "Thomas Needham, 6th Viscount Kilmorey". The Peerage. Retrieved 16 October 2019.
  • Tyson, John; Schlenther, Boyd (2006). In the Midst of Early Methodism: Lady Huntingdon and Her Correspondence. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0810857933.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Urbanus, Sylvanus (1814). Gentleman's Magazine and Historical Chronicle; Volume LXXXIV. Nichols, Son & Bentley.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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