LONP1

Lon protease homolog, mitochondrial is a protease, an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the LONP1 gene.[5][6][7][8]

LONP1
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 2X36
Identifiers
Aliases	LONP1, LON, LONP, LonHS, PIM1, PRSS15, hLON, CODASS, lon peptidase 1, mitochondrial, Lon protease homolog, mitochondrial
External IDs	OMIM: 605490 MGI: 1921392 HomoloGene: 3521 GeneCards: LONP1
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 19 (human)[1] Band 19p13.3 Start 5,691,834 bp[1] End 5,720,572 bp[1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 17 (mouse)[2] Band 17|17 D Start 56,614,297 bp[2] End 56,626,887 bp[2]
RNA expression pattern More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function • nucleotide binding • DNA binding • GO:0070361, GO:0070364, GO:0070363, GO:0070362 mitochondrial promoter sequence-specific DNA binding • ADP binding • DNA polymerase binding • G-quadruplex DNA binding • peptidase activity • ATPase activity • GO:0001948 protein binding • single-stranded RNA binding • serine-type peptidase activity • serine-type endopeptidase activity • hydrolase activity • ATP binding • ATP-dependent peptidase activity • sequence-specific DNA binding • single-stranded DNA binding Cellular component • membrane • nucleoplasm • mitochondrial matrix • mitochondrial nucleoid • cell nucleus • mitochondrion • cytosol Biological process • mitochondrial DNA metabolic process • mitochondrial genome maintenance • aging • mitochondrion organization • proteolysis • protein catabolic process • response to aluminum ion • response to hormone • proteolysis involved in cellular protein catabolic process • protein homooligomerization • protein quality control for misfolded or incompletely synthesized proteins • response to hypoxia • cellular response to oxidative stress • oxidation-dependent protein catabolic process • cellular macromolecular complex assembly • chaperone-mediated protein complex assembly Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	9361	74142
Ensembl	ENSG00000196365	ENSMUSG00000041168
UniProt	P36776	Q8CGK3
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_001276479 NM_001276480 NM_004793	NM_028782
RefSeq (protein)	NP_001263408 NP_001263409 NP_004784	NP_083058
Location (UCSC)	Chr 19: 5.69 – 5.72 Mb	Chr 17: 56.61 – 56.63 Mb
PubMed search	[3]	[4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Structure

This gene encodes a mitochondrial matrix protein that is the subunit of a barrel-shaped homo-oligomeric protein complex, the Lon protease. Lon protease is a member of ATP-dependent proteases (AAA+ proteases). Mature and catalytically viable human lon protease complex contains a hexameric ring while other formations of complexes have been observed such as the heptameric ring in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A single subunit of lon protease contains three domains, N-domain for protein substrate recognition, AAA + module for ATP binding and hydrolysis, and P-domain for protein proteolysis. A similar protease expressed in E.coli. regulates gene expression by targeting specific regulatory proteins for degradation. Lon protease binds a specific sequence in the light and heavy chain promoters of the mitochondrial genome which are involved in regulation of DNA replication and transcription.[7]

Function

Lon protease (LONP1) is a conserved serine peptidase identified from bacteria to eukaryotic cells.[9] In mitochondrial matrix, a majority of damaged proteins is removed via proteolysis led by Lon protease, which is an essential mechanism for mitochondrial protein quality control. LONP1 is the major protease responsible for the recognition and removal of unfolded proteins in the mitochondrial matrix and thereby protects the cell from the accumulation of aggregated proteins in the mitochondrion.[10] However LONP1 is unable to recognise or degrade model aggregated proteins.

For Lon protease-dependent degradation, protein substrates are first recognized and then unfolded if necessary in an ATP-dependent manner. The substrates are subsequently transferred through the pore of complex and into the proteolytic chamber of complex for degradation. ATP binding to the AAA module of the Lon complex results in a change in Lon conformation into a proteolytically active state. In general, Lon protease interacts with peptide regions(sequences) that are located within the hydrophobic core of substrates and rarely on the surface. These regions can be presented to Lon protease when proteins are damaged and lost their conformation integrity.[11] In addition to misfolded proteins, several regulatory proteins can be processed by Lon protease by removing a degradable tag before they fully gain their biological functions.[12]

LONP1 is also a DNA-binding protein that participates in mtDNA maintenance and gene expression regulation.[13] LONP1 degrades mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) when substrate is modified by post-translational modifications (PTMs) such as phosphorylation, regulating mtDNA copy number and metabolism to maintain the TFAM/mtDNA ratio necessary to control replication and transcription.[14]

Clinical significance

Given the crucial role of LON protease in maintaining the control of mitochondrial function,[15] its dynamics in expression under stress conditions has been found associating with human diseases and aging.[16][17] For example, LONP1 expression levels are increased in different tumors and tumor cell lines. Downregulation of LONP1 in some tumor cells causes apoptosis and cell death, indicating a possible addiction of tumor cells to LONP1 function, as occurs with other intracellular proteases associated with cancer.

See also

• Lon protease family

References

1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000196365 - Ensembl, May 2017
2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000041168 - Ensembl, May 2017
3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
5. Wang N, Gottesman S, Willingham MC, Gottesman MM, Maurizi MR (December 1993). "A human mitochondrial ATP-dependent protease that is highly homologous to bacterial Lon protease". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 90 (23): 11247–51. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.23.11247. PMC 47959. PMID 8248235.
6. Petukhova GV, Grigorenko VG, Lykov IP, Yarovoi SV, Lipkin VM, Gorbalenya AE (February 1994). "Cloning and sequence analysis of cDNA for a human homolog of eubacterial ATP-dependent Lon proteases". FEBS Letters. 340 (1–2): 25–8. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(94)80166-5. PMID 8119403. S2CID 23827802.
7. "Entrez Gene: LONP1 lon peptidase 1, mitochondrial".
8. Pinti M, Gibellini L, Liu Y, Xu S, Lu B, Cossarizza A (December 2015). "Mitochondrial Lon protease at the crossroads of oxidative stress, ageing and cancer". Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 72 (24): 4807–24. doi:10.1007/s00018-015-2039-3. PMID 26363553. S2CID 14668486.
9. Lu B, Liu T, Crosby JA, Thomas-Wohlever J, Lee I, Suzuki CK (March 2003). "The ATP-dependent Lon protease of Mus musculus is a DNA-binding protein that is functionally conserved between yeast and mammals". Gene. 306: 45–55. doi:10.1016/s0378-1119(03)00403-7. PMID 12657466.
10. Bezawork-Geleta A, Brodie EJ, Dougan DA, Truscott KN (December 2015). "LON is the master protease that protects against protein aggregation in human mitochondria through direct degradation of misfolded proteins". Scientific Reports. 5 (1): 17397. doi:10.1038/srep17397. PMC 4667172. PMID 26627475.
11. Gur E, Sauer RT (August 2008). "Recognition of misfolded proteins by Lon, a AAA(+) protease". Genes & Development. 22 (16): 2267–77. doi:10.1101/gad.1670908. PMC 2518814. PMID 18708584.
12. Birghan C, Mundt E, Gorbalenya AE (January 2000). "A non-canonical lon proteinase lacking the ATPase domain employs the ser-Lys catalytic dyad to exercise broad control over the life cycle of a double-stranded RNA virus". The EMBO Journal. 19 (1): 114–23. doi:10.1093/emboj/19.1.114. PMC 1171783. PMID 10619850.
13. Liu T, Lu B, Lee I, Ondrovicová G, Kutejová E, Suzuki CK (April 2004). "DNA and RNA binding by the mitochondrial lon protease is regulated by nucleotide and protein substrate". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 279 (14): 13902–10. doi:10.1074/jbc.m309642200. PMID 14739292.
14. Lu B, Lee J, Nie X, Li M, Morozov YI, Venkatesh S, Bogenhagen DF, Temiakov D, Suzuki CK (January 2013). "Phosphorylation of human TFAM in mitochondria impairs DNA binding and promotes degradation by the AAA+ Lon protease". Molecular Cell. 49 (1): 121–32. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2012.10.023. PMC 3586414. PMID 23201127.
15. Bota DA, Ngo JK, Davies KJ (March 2005). "Downregulation of the human Lon protease impairs mitochondrial structure and function and causes cell death". Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 38 (5): 665–77. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.11.017. PMID 15683722.
16. Ngo JK, Pomatto LC, Davies KJ (9 February 2013). "Upregulation of the mitochondrial Lon Protease allows adaptation to acute oxidative stress but dysregulation is associated with chronic stress, disease, and aging". Redox Biology. 1: 258–64. doi:10.1016/j.redox.2013.01.015. PMC 3757690. PMID 24024159.
17. Hamon MP, Bulteau AL, Friguet B (September 2015). "Mitochondrial proteases and protein quality control in ageing and longevity". Ageing Research Reviews. 23 (Pt A): 56–66. doi:10.1016/j.arr.2014.12.010. PMID 25578288. S2CID 205667759.

Further reading

• Lu B, Yadav S, Shah PG, Liu T, Tian B, Pukszta S, Villaluna N, Kutejová E, Newlon CS, Santos JH, Suzuki CK (June 2007). "Roles for the human ATP-dependent Lon protease in mitochondrial DNA maintenance". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 282 (24): 17363–74. doi:10.1074/jbc.M611540200. PMID 17420247.
• Bota DA, Ngo JK, Davies KJ (March 2005). "Downregulation of the human Lon protease impairs mitochondrial structure and function and causes cell death". Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 38 (5): 665–77. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.11.017. PMID 15683722.
• Liu T, Lu B, Lee I, Ondrovicová G, Kutejová E, Suzuki CK (April 2004). "DNA and RNA binding by the mitochondrial lon protease is regulated by nucleotide and protein substrate". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 279 (14): 13902–10. doi:10.1074/jbc.M309642200. PMID 14739292.
• Lu B, Liu T, Crosby JA, Thomas-Wohlever J, Lee I, Suzuki CK (March 2003). "The ATP-dependent Lon protease of Mus musculus is a DNA-binding protein that is functionally conserved between yeast and mammals". Gene. 306: 45–55. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(03)00403-7. PMID 12657466.
• Bota DA, Davies KJ (September 2002). "Lon protease preferentially degrades oxidized mitochondrial aconitase by an ATP-stimulated mechanism" (PDF). Nature Cell Biology. 4 (9): 674–80. doi:10.1038/ncb836. PMID 12198491. S2CID 24893953.
• Hori O, Ichinoda F, Tamatani T, Yamaguchi A, Sato N, Ozawa K, Kitao Y, Miyazaki M, Harding HP, Ron D, Tohyama M, M Stern D, Ogawa S (June 2002). "Transmission of cell stress from endoplasmic reticulum to mitochondria: enhanced expression of Lon protease". The Journal of Cell Biology. 157 (7): 1151–60. doi:10.1083/jcb.200108103. PMC 2173558. PMID 12082077.
• Fu GK, Markovitz DM (February 1998). "The human LON protease binds to mitochondrial promoters in a single-stranded, site-specific, strand-specific manner". Biochemistry. 37 (7): 1905–9. doi:10.1021/bi970928c. PMID 9485316.
• Korenberg JR, Chen XN, Adams MD, Venter JC (September 1995). "Toward a cDNA map of the human genome". Genomics. 29 (2): 364–70. doi:10.1006/geno.1995.9993. PMID 8666383.
• Wang N, Maurizi MR, Emmert-Buck L, Gottesman MM (November 1994). "Synthesis, processing, and localization of human Lon protease". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 269 (46): 29308–13. PMID 7961901.