Kynal

Kynal was a brand name for a series of aluminium alloys developed and originally produced by the British chemical manufacturer Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI).[1] The name was derived from Kynoch, an existing ICI trademark for ammunition, and aluminium. It was largely used as substitute for Alclad, a popular corrosion-resistant aluminium alloy.

ICI produced Kynal in quantity at a facility in Waunarlwydd, outside Swansea. The material was extensively used by the British aviation industry during the Second World War, being recognised as a strategic resource. Numerous variations upon the material were devised by ICI around this time. During the 1950s, British Railways became a key consumer of Kynal, using the material on numerous members of its new fleet of diesel traction, including the first generation diesel multiple units (DMUs). By the twenty-first century, the material was largely considered to be obsolete, while the Waunarlwydd chemical works was permanently closed during the 2000s.

History

A key facility involved in the production of Kynal was the Ministry of Aircraft Production's factory at Waunarlwydd,[2] near Swansea. ICI built and operated the plant on the government's behalf.[3] Functionally, Kynal was similar to, and could be a substitute for, Alclad.[4] Applications included various forged items, including pipework, vessels, and heat exchangers, as well as fuselage elements of aircraft.[5][6] By 1938, the material was being producing at a very high volume as a consequence of the European powers having entered a period of rearmament around the time of Munich crisis, which led into the Second World War.[7]

During the postwar era, Kynal continued to hold its strategic importance.[8] The material proliferated throughout British engineering throughout the 1950s and 1960s; it began to be used in the frames of road vehicles during the mid 1950s.[9] Kynal was used extensively for British Railways' modernisation of the 1950s, specifically in the construction of the publicly-owned organisation's new diesel fleet.[10] The majority of the 'lightweight' diesel multiple units (DMUs) featured the material.[11] Around the same era, the company was also involved in studies into the use of Kynal as a roofing material.[12]

By the twenty-first century, Kynal was largely considered to be obsolete as a material.[13] During the 2000s, the original Waunarlwydd plant, which was by then owned by Alcoa, was closed down.[14][15] Despite this, research efforts into fields such as battery technology have involved the use of Kynal.[16]

Table
AlCuMgSiMnNiZnOthers
%
Kynal P5 ≥99.5 Pure aluminium [17]
Kynal P10 ≥99
Aluminium-silicon alloys
Kynal PA15 12 Brazing wire [18][19]
Kynal PA16 5
Kynal PA17 5
Aluminium-manganese alloys
Kynal PA19 1.25 [20]
Aluminium-magnesium alloys
Kynal M35/1 2 [21]
Kynal M35/2 3
Kynal M36 5
Kynal M37 7
Aluminium-magnesium-silicon alloys
Kynal M39/1 0.70.5 [22]
Kynal M39/2 0.71
Aluminium-copper alloys
Kynal 90 2.20.3 [23]
Kynal C65 40.60.5 [23]
Kynal C66 4.40.60.70.6
Kynal C67 4.40.60.70.6
Kynal C69 11[22]
Nickel-aluminium alloys
Kynal Y88 2.611 1 0.1% Ti [23]
Kynal Y92 41.52
Aluminium-zinc alloys
Kynal Z93 0.42.75.3[24]
Kynal-Core C65A Pure aluminium-clad forms of the corresponding alloys [25]
Kynal-Core C66A
Kynal-Core C67A
Kynal-Core C68A
Kynal-Core Z93A

See also

References

Citations
  1. "ICI Metals Division". Grace's Guide.
  2. 51.644727°N 4.021163°W / 51.644727; -4.021163
  3. "ICI Metal Works; Alcoa Aluminium Factory, Waunarlwydd, Gowerton". Coflein.
  4. Ross 2013, p. 50.
  5. J.H. Argyris and S. Kelsey (1 May 1959). "The Analysis of Fuselages of Arbitrary Cross‐section and Taper: A DSIR Sponsored Research Programme on the Development and Application of the Matrix Force Method and the Digital Computer". Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology. doi:10.1108/eb033113. ISSN 0002-2667.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  6. "Curtailing Corrosion in Chemical and Petroleum Engineering". Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials. 5 (6): 195–196. 1 August 1958. doi:10.1108/eb019457. ISSN 0003-5599.
  7. "ICI Advertisement". Flight. 9 June 1938. p. 14.
  8. "The British Light-alloy Industry". Flight. 10 June 1955. pp. 808–811.
  9. "Kynal lightens". The Automobile Engineer. 1956. p. 125.
  10. Carter, R.S. (1963). "North British Locomotive Co. diesel-hydraulic B-B Type 2 (BR Class 22)". British Railways Main-Line Diesels. Ian Allan. pp. 28–29.
  11. "Going Ahead with 'Kynal'". Grace's Guide.
  12. "Metallurgia: The International Journal of Metals and Materials, Volumes 49-50." Kennedy Press, 1954. p. 173.
  13. Ross 2013, pp. 9, 50.
  14. "Jobs cut at metal plant". BBC News Online. 21 January 2003.
  15. "298 jobs to go as factory shuts". BBC News Online. 21 November 2006.
  16. "JP3363910B2: Non-aqueous thin battery". Google =. 1998.
  17. Metallic Materials Specification, p. 9.
  18. Metallic Materials Specification, p. 17.
  19. 'Kynal' Solders and 'Kynal' Flux for Soldering Aluminium. ICI. 1953.
  20. Metallic Materials Specification, p. 12.
  21. Metallic Materials Specification, p. 26.
  22. Metallic Materials Specification, p. 34.
  23. Metallic Materials Specification, p. 41.
  24. Metallic Materials Specification, p. 47.
  25. Metallic Materials Specification, p. 50.

Bibliography
  • Ross, R.B. (2013). Metallic Materials Specification Handbook (4 ed.). Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9781461534822.
  • Frick, John P., ed. (2000). Woldman's Engineering Alloys. Materials data series. ASM International. pp. 667–668. ISBN 9780871706911.
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