Juana Briones de Miranda

Doña Juana Briones de Miranda (1802-1889) was a Californio ranchera, medical practitioner, and merchant, often remembered as the "Founding Mother of San Francisco",[1][2] for her noted involvement in the early development of the city (then known as Yerba Buena).

Juana Briones de Miranda
Born1802
Villa de Branciforte (modern day Santa Cruz), California
Died3 December 1889
Palo Alto, California
OccupationRanchera, Curandera, pioneer
Spouse(s)Apolinario Miranda
Parent(s)Marcos Briones
María Ysiadora Tapia

Early life

Juana Briones was born at Villa Branciforte near the Santa Cruz Mission. She was of mixed Spanish and African descent.[3] Some of her family members had arrived in Alta California with the Gaspar de Portolà and the Juan Bautista de Anza expeditions. Her father was Marcos Briones, a soldier posted near Monterey, who later moved to the San Francisco Presidio.[4]

In 1820 Juana married a soldier, Apolinario Miranda, and she bore eleven children between 1821 and 1841, eight of whom lived to adulthood: Presentación, Tomás, Narcisa, Refugio, José de Jesús, Manuela and José Dolores Miranda.[5] They also adopted an orphaned Indian girl.[6] After establishing a farm at El Polin Springs near the Presidio of San Francisco, she bought land and built a house at Yerba Buena, the area of San Francisco today known as North Beach. A natural entrepreneur, she marketed her milk and produce to the sailors from whaling ships or those who arrived in port for the hide and tallow trade. Briones excelled not only in business and farming: her reputation for hospitality and skills in herbal medicine and midwifery were widely recognized. She trained her nephew, Pablo Briones—who was later known as the Doctor of Bolinas (California)—in medicinal arts, although she never received a formal education and could not read or write.

Rancho
Plaque commemorating the site of the home of Juana Briones de Miranda in Palo Alto.

In 1844 Juana, who already had more than one home, gained a clerical separation from her physically abusive alcoholic husband and dropped his surname. That same year, she bought from two Native Californians (José Gorgonio and his son José Ramon, from the Mission Santa Clara de Asís) the 4,400-acre (18 km2) Rancho La Purísima Concepción in Santa Clara County, an area overlapping present-day Palo Alto and Los Altos Hills. From the late 1850s through the 1860s she had to fight to retain the title to her land in both San Francisco and Santa Clara counties but succeeded with the help of attorney Henry Wager Halleck. She sold part of the rancho to members of the Murphy family, who came to California with the Stephens-Townsend-Murphy Party. Other sections she gave to some of her children.

A portion of her rancho home remained until 2011 in the foothills above Palo Alto, California at 4155 Old Adobe Road, two blocks west of the intersection of Arastradero Road and Foothill Expressway. Although most of the house dated from the early twentieth century, two walls in the oldest corner of the home exhibited the original rancho home's construction. These walls were historically significant, as they preserved a rare construction method: infilling a crib of horizontal redwood boards with adobe. This technique provided her dwelling with the excellent insulating characteristics of Adobe while protecting that building material from erosion problems during the rainy season, and destruction by earthquake, two problems with traditional adobe construction. Other than the unusual method of using materials, the original home exhibited the familiar layout of the traditional adobe: a strip of connected rooms with an external corridor. After a long legal battle with preservationists, the house was demolished in June 2011. A section of the original wall was restored and moved to the California Historical Society, San Francisco, which opened an exhibition about Juana Briones in January 2014: "Juana Briones y Su California: Pionera, Fundadora, Curandera," presented in partnership with Stanford University, the Bancroft Library and the Presidio Trust.[7]

Death and legacy

She died by a cow stampede nearby the city of Mayfield (now part of Palo Alto, California). She is buried at Holy Cross Cemetery in Menlo Park, California.[8]

She left the remaining portions of her rancho to her children, who bore their father's name, Miranda. Her memory is preserved in the area in Juana Briones Elementary School, Juana Briones Park, and several street names incorporating either Miranda or first names of her children.

Juana Briones, like many early Hispanic women of California, has been overlooked by traditional histories, but she was mentioned in the following sources:

  • Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California
  • J.N. Bowman, “Juana Briones de Miranda,” Historical Society of Southern California Quarterly, September, 1957.
  • Florence M. Fava (1976), Los Altos Hills
  • Robin Chapman, ‘’Historic Bay Area Visionaries’’, 2018.

Early maps of Yerba Buena, the first settlement outside the Presidio and Mission of San Francisco, include an area labeled Playa de Juana Briones (Juana Briones Beach).[9] She is commemorated by an historical plaque in San Francisco's Washington Square.[10]

In recent years she has received increased attention. The University of Arizona Press published Juana Briones of Nineteenth-Century California by Jeanne Farr McDonnell in 2008.[11] Stanford University classes in "Public History and Public Service" in 2006 and 2009, taught by Carol McKibben, conducted research on Briones and her Palo Alto house which led to an exhibit in the Green Library in 2010 and a Juana Briones Archive within the library's Special Collections.[12] Stanford University history professor Albert Camarillo has done additional research on Briones and served as guest curator of the 2014 exhibition at the California Historical Society.

References
  1. SF Gate - Juana Briones: San Francisco's Founding Mother
  2. PRNewswire - California Historical Society To Honor 'Founding Mother Of San Francisco' Juana Briones With Six-Month Exhibition
  3. Salomon, Carlos Manuel (May 20, 2015). "Early Afro-Mexican Settlers in California". California Historical Society., C-SPAN Video Library
  4. Chapter 9, “The Presidio Landscape,” in The Archaeology of El Presidio de San Francisco: Culture Contact, Gender, and Ethnicity in a Spanish-colonial Military Community, Barbara Voss, 2002, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, at Stanford University Presidio Web accessed 2007-02-24
  5. https://www.nps.gov/prsf/learn/historyculture/juana-briones.htm
  6. National Park Service, Presidio of San Francisco, Juana Briones Biography, accessed 2007-02-24
  7. Whiting, Sam. "Juana Briones Exhibit Built Around Wall from her Final Home". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 12 February 2014.
  8. Wood, Barbara (October 3, 2014). "Feature story: A walk through Holy Cross". almanacnews.com. Retrieved 2020-11-20.
  9. Kamiya, Gary. "Juana Briones - San Francisco's Founding Mother". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 12 February 2014.
  10. http://www.noehill.com/sf/landmarks/cal1024.asp California Registered Historic Landmark No. 1024
  11. Jeanne Farr McDonnell (2008). Juana Briones of Nineteenth-century California. University of Arizona Press. ISBN 978-0-8165-2586-7.
  12. "Stanford Students Get Hands-on with Local History". Archived from the original on 10 August 2010. Retrieved 12 February 2014.
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