Juan Crow

Juan Crow is a neologism some believe to have been coined by journalist Roberto Lovato in an article for the Nation magazine in 2008[1][2][3][4][5] although it was used by Gerald Torres in his "The Elusive Goal of Equal Educational Opportunity" article published in June 2006 by New York University Press.[6] The term criticizes contemporary immigration enforcement by comparing them to Jim Crow laws, and has since become popular among immigration activists.

"No Dogs, Negroes, Mexicans" was a policy enforced throughout Texas, well into the 1960s.

Laws

Historically, the rise of Juan Crow laws emerged in the late-19th and early-20th centuries in the Southwestern United States. They were largely patterned after Jim Crow laws, which enforced racial discrimination against African Americans in the Southern United States during this same period.[7] Bans against interracial marriage, and the codification of educational and racial segregation were common features of Juan Crow. Restaurants and businesses regularly denied service to African and Mexican Americans, and signs reading "No Mexicans Allowed" were widespread in the Juan Crow Southwest.[8] Juan Crow has also been used to describe contemporary racially discriminatory immigration statutes in the United States.[9][10][11]

Laws in Arizona,[12] Alabama,[9] and Georgia[5] and Texas[13][6] have been considered Juan Crow laws.

California's Proposition 187 was considered a Juan Crow law by immigration activists. It required citizenship screening of residents and denied social services like health care and public education to illegal immigrants.[14]

As an era

The Juan Crow era refers to "the matrix of laws, social customs, economic institutions and symbolic systems enabling the physical and psychic isolation needed to control and exploit undocumented immigrants."[15]

In the 1940s, California public schools were racially segregated. Mexican and Mexican American students attended separate "Mexican schools". This de jure segregation was deemed unconstitutional by the Mendez v. Westminster federal court case.[16]

See also

• Alabama HB 56
• Arizona SB 1070
• California Proposition 187
• Georgia Security and Immigration Compliance Act

References

1. https://philarchive.org/rec/MENDAW Mendoza, José Jorge (2015). Doing Away with Juan Crow: Two Standards for Just Immigration Reform. APA Newsletter on Hispanic/Latino Issues in Philosophy 15 (2):14-20.
2. Arlene Davila (2012) To stop tip-toeing around race: what Arizona's battle against ethnic studies can teach academics, Identities, 19:4, 411-417, DOI: 10.1080/1070289X.2012.699878
3. https://raceworkracelove.wordpress.com/2013/01/01/open-letter-to-latina-the-year-of-the-latin-intellectual-the-fascinating-story-i-missed-la-muerte-de-la-comay/
4. https://fastcapitalism.journal.library.uta.edu/index.php/fastcapitalism/article/download/373/464 Embrick, DG, Carter, JS, Lippard, C, et al. (2020) Capitalism, racism, and Trumpism: Whitelash and the politics of oppression. Fast Capitalism 17(1): 203–224.
5. Lovato, Roberto (26 May 2008). "Juan Crow in Georgia". The Nation. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
6. Torres, Gerald (June 2006). Law and Class in America - Trends Since the Cold War: The Elusive Goal of Equal Educational Opportunity. New York and London: New York University Press. p. 331. ISBN 978-0814716540. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
7. "Mexican Lynchings, Segregation, and Mass Deportations". The Immigration Coalition. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
8. Benavides, Lucía. "The Texas Rangers Killed Hundreds of Hispanic Americans During the Mexican Revolution". Texas Public Radio. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
9. Person, David (November 1, 2011). "'Juan Crow' law alive and well in Alabama". USA Today.
10. Cohen, J. Richard (14 June 2008). "Meet "Juan Crow"". Huffington Post. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
11. Millan, Claudia (2013). Latining America: Black-Brown Passages and the Coloring of Latino/a Studies (PDF). Athens, Georgia & London: The University of Georgia Press. p. 191. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
12. Traywick, Catherine. "Juan Crow Laws in Arizona". Campus Progress. Center for American Progress. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
13. Gamboa, Suzanne (June 3, 2017). "History of Racism Against Mexican-Americans Clouds Texas Immigration Law". NBC News. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
14. Arellano, Gustavo (2014-09-18). "Republicans used California's 'Juan Crow' law as a model for other states. Now it's dead, and so is the far-right". The Guardian. Guardian News and Media Limited. Retrieved 2016-03-16.
15. Romaine, Scott; Greeson, Jennifer Rae (2016). Keywords for Southern Studies. Athens, Georgia: The University of Georgia Press. p. 187. ISBN 9780820340616. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
16. Zonkel, Phillip. "Righting a wrong Mendez v. Westminster brought an end to segregation in O.C. schools - and ultimately throughout the state and nation". Mendez v Westminster History. Retrieved 2014-11-20.