John Heckewelder

John Gottlieb Ernestus Heckewelder (March 12, 1743 – January 21, 1823) was an American missionary for the Moravian Church.

John Heckewelder
Sketch by Henry Howe

Biography

John Heckewelder was born in Bedford, England and came to Pennsylvania in 1754. After finishing his education, he was apprenticed to a cooper. Following a visit to Ohio with Christian F. Post, a colonial agent, in 1762 he began temporary employment in the Moravian missions at Friedenshütten and Sheshequin, Pennsylvania. In 1771, he entered upon his actual career as an evangelist to the Indians, being appointed assistant to David Zeisberger, in Ohio, where he remained for fifteen years. In 1792, at the request of the Secretary of War, he accompanied Gen. Rufus Putnam to Post Vincennes to treat with the Indians. In 1793 he was again commissioned to assist at a treaty with the Indians of the lakes.

In his book, Heckewelder explained the beliefs of the Delaware Lenape, that the creator "made the Earth and all that it contains for the common good of mankind; when he stocked the country that he gave them with plenty of game, it was not for the benefit of a few, but of all; everything was given in common to the sons of men. Whatever liveth on the land, whatsoever groweth out of the Earth, and all that is in the rivers and waters was given jointly to all and everyone is entitled to his share. From this principle hospitality flows as from its source."[1]

Between 1797 and 1800 he remained mainly in Ohio, and was for a time in the civil service, being a postmaster, a justice of the peace, and an associate justice of the court of common pleas. He settled at Gnadenhütten, Ohio, in 1801, and devoted himself to the duties of his agency. In 1810 he resigned and engaged in literary pursuits in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, until his death.

In 1822 Heckewelder was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society.[2]

Literary work

Heckewelder studied the languages, manners, and customs of American Indians, particularly the Delawares. While a member of the American Philosophical Society, at Philadelphia, several of his contributions were published in their transactions. He also published Account of the History, Manners, and Customs of the Indian Nations who once inhabited Pennsylvania and the Neighboring States (Philadelphia, 1818; German translation, Göttingen, 1821; French translation, Paris. 1822); Narrative of the Mission of the United Brethren among the Delawares and Mohegan Indians (Philadelphia, 1820); and a collection of Names which the Lenni Lenape or Delaware Indians gave to Rivers, Streams, and Localities within the States of Pennsylvania. New Jersey, Maryland, and Virginia, with their Signification (1822). Many of his manuscripts are in the collections of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.

Legacy
  • The John Heckewelder Memorial Moravian Church, Gnadenhutten, Ohio was named in his honor.

Notes
  1. Nash, Gary B. Red, White and Black: The Peoples of Early North America Los Angeles 2015. Chapter 1, p. 15
  2. American Antiquarian Society Members Directory

References
  • Wilson, J. G.; Fiske, J., eds. (1892). "Heckewelder, John Gottlieb Ernestus" . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton. which in turn cites:
    • Edward Rondthaler, Life of Heckewelder, (Philadelphia, 1847).
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