Joanna Moncrieff

Joanna Moncrieff is a British psychiatrist and a leading figure in the Critical Psychiatry Network. She is a prominent critic of the modern 'psychopharmacological' model of mental disorder and drug treatment, and the role of the pharmaceutical industry. She has written papers,[1] books and blogs on the use and over-use of drug treatment for mental health problems, the mechanism of action of psychiatric drugs,[2] their subjective and psychoactive effects, the history of drug treatment, and the evidence for its benefits and harms. She also writes on the history and politics of psychiatry more generally. Her best known books are The Myth of the Chemical Cure[3] and The Bitterest Pills.[4]

Career

Moncrieff qualified in medicine from the University of Newcastle upon Tyne in 1989. She trained in psychiatry in London and the south east during the 1990s. From 2001 for 10 years she was the consultant for a psychiatric rehabilitation unit catering for people with severe and enduring mental disorders. As of 2016, she works as a consultant in adult community psychiatry at the North East London NHS Foundation Trust,[5] and she is a senior lecturer at University College London.[6] Dr Moncrieff is a founding member and the co-chairperson of the Critical Psychiatry Network.[6] This is a group of psychiatrists from around the world who are sceptical of the idea that mental disorders are simply brain diseases and who campaign to reduce the influence of the pharmaceutical industry and find alternatives to narrow, medical model based practice.

Research and writing

The role of drugs in modern psychiatry

Moncrieff's work challenges the idea that drugs or medications have specific effects on underlying diseases or abnormalities. She challenges the theory that mental disorders are caused by chemical imbalances, something that we currently have no evidence for, even less evidence pertains to chemicals being the best form of treatment for mental issues. She shows that there is little evidence for serotonin abnormalities in depression,[7] or dopamine abnormalities in psychosis or schizophrenia.[8] She traces the history of the idea that psychiatric drugs are magic bullets and she explores the role of the pharmaceutical industry, the psychiatric professional and the state in fostering this model. She has documented the increasing rates of prescriptions of psychiatric drugs over the last decade,[9] and analysed the way the pharmaceutical industry has created conditions like adult ADHD[10][11] and the ‘new bipolar disorder’ to help market these drugs.[12]

Models of drug action

Moncrieff is not completely opposed to the use of drugs for mental health problems, but believes that the action of drugs in these situations is misunderstood. Moncrieff developed two alternative 'models' for understanding what drugs might be doing when they are prescribed to people with mental health problems. The current mainstream understanding of psychiatric drug action is based on a 'disease-centred' model that suggests that drugs work by rectifying the underlying abnormality that is presumed to lead to the symptoms of the disorder in question. Moncrieff contrast this with an alternative 'drug centred' model, which suggests that since psychiatric drugs are psychoactive substances, they work because they change the way people think, feel and behave. According to this model, psychiatric drugs have no specific biological effects in people with a mental disorder, and they produce their characteristic effects in everyone who takes them. The changes induced by some sorts of drugs may, however, lead to the suppression of the manifestations (symptoms) of some mental disorders.[13] The Myth of the Chemical Cure traces the emergence and development of the disease-centred model from the 1950s onwards. It highlights the lack of evidence for the disease-centred model of drug action for every major class of psychiatric drug. It also explores the commercial, professional and political interests behind the disease-centred model.[3]

Antidepressants

Moncrieff has written several papers criticising the methodology of antidepressant research.[14] She did a Cochrane meta-analysis of the small group of trials of antidepressants that compared them with an 'active' placebo containing a drug used to mimic some of the side effects of the antidepressants used.[15] She has published one of the few papers that describes the psychoactive effects of modern antidepressants and their association with suicidal ideation, and with physical effects.[16]

Antipsychotics

The Bitterest Pills traces the history of antipsychotic drugs from the introduction of chlorpromazine in the 1950s. The book also looks at recent developments, including the marketing of antipsychotics through the Early Intervention movement, and the promotion of a new and expanded concept of bipolar disorder.[4] Moncrieff also describes the cultural development of the new concept of bipolar disorder, which she refers to as ‘the medicalisation of "ups and downs"’. Research by Moncrieff and colleagues described and compared the subjective or psychoactive effects of different antipsychotics.[17] This included publication in the controversial and non-peer reviewed Medical Hypotheses.[18]

Lithium

In early work Moncrieff analysed the evidence for the efficacy of lithium. She claimed there was no evidence that lithium was superior to other sedatives for the treatment of acute mania, and that lithium's efficacy in preventing a relapse of manic depression was due to the adverse effects caused by the sudden withdrawal of lithium.[19] In later work she showed that studies on the outcome of lithium treatment in the real world fail to demonstrate useful or worthwhile effects, and suggest it may even worsen the outcome of manic depression.[3]

Other drugs

Moncrieff has critically reviewed the literature on the use of drug treatments like acamprosate and naltrexone for alcohol problems[20] and the use of stimulants in children.[21]

History and politics of psychiatry

Moncrieff has developed a political analysis of the drivers of modern mental health theory and practice and explored the influence of neoliberalism.[22][23] She has published papers on the historical context of the emergence of modern drug treatment,[24] the history of psychiatric thought in the 20th century [25] and of ‘rapid tranquilisation’ in psychiatry,[26] as well as her books on the history of drug treatments.

Books
  • The Myth of the Chemical Cure: a critique of psychiatric drug treatment, Palgrave, 2008. ISBN 978-0-230-57431-1
  • A Straight Talking Introduction to Psychiatric Drugs, PCCS Books, 2009. ISBN 978-1-906254-17-9
  • The Bitterest Pills: the troubling story of antipsychotic drugs, Palgrave, 2013. ISBN 978-1-137-27742-8

References
  1. Over a hundred papers at the National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine, PubMed.gov
  2. Moncrieff, J; Cohen, D; Porter, S (2013). "The psychoactive effects of psychiatric medication: the elephant in the room". J Psychoactive Drugs. 45 (5): 409–15. doi:10.1080/02791072.2013.845328. PMC 4118946. PMID 24592667.
  3. Moncrieff, Joanna (2008). The Myth of the Chemical Cure: a critique of psychiatric drug treatment. Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-57431-1. OCLC 184963084.
  4. Moncrieff, Joanna (2013). The Bitterest Pills: the troubling story of antipsychotic drugs. Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-137-27742-8. OCLC 841892791.
  5. "Havering: Community recovery team: For clinicians". NELFT NHS Foundation Trust. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
  6. "Joanna Moncrieff, MD". Mad in America. Mad in America Foundation. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
  7. Moncrieff, Joanna; Cohen, David (6 June 2006). "Do Antidepressants Cure or Create Abnormal Brain States?". PLOS Medicine. 3 (7): e240. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030240. PMC 1472553. PMID 16724872.
  8. Moncrieff, J. (2009). "A critique of the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia and psychosis". Harvard Review of Psychiatry. 17 (3): 214–225. doi:10.1080/10673220902979896. PMID 19499420.
  9. Ilyas, Stephen; Moncrieff, Joanna (May 2012). "Trends in prescriptions and costs of drugs for mental disorders in England, 1998–2010". British Journal of Psychiatry. 200 (5): 393–398. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.111.104257. PMID 22442100.
  10. Moncrieff, Joanna; Timimi, Sami (1 September 2011). "Critical analysis of the concept of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder". The Psychiatrist. 35 (9): 334–338. doi:10.1192/pb.bp.110.033423.
  11. Moncrieff, J.; Rapley, M.; Timimi, S. (2011). "Construction of psychiatric diagnoses: the case of adult ADHD". Journal of Critical Psychology, Counselling and Psychotherapy. PCCS Books. 11: 16–28. ISSN 1471-7646.
  12. Nesbitt Falomir, C (October 1976). "[Epidemiological picture of a pediatrician in Chihuahua]". Gaceta Medica de Mexico. 112 (4): 315–29. PMID 1001861.
  13. Moncrieff, J.; Cohen, D. (April 2005). "Rethinking models of psychotropic drug action". Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 74 (3): 145–153. doi:10.1159/000083999. PMID 15832065. S2CID 6917144.
  14. Moncrieff, J. (May 2001). "Are antidepressants overrated? A review of methodological problems in antidepressant trials". Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 189 (5): 288–295. doi:10.1097/00005053-200105000-00003. PMID 11379971.
  15. Moncrieff, J.; Wessely, S.; Hardy, R. (2004). "Active placebos versus antidepressants for depression". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (1): CD003012. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003012.pub2. ISSN 1469-493X. PMID 14974002.
  16. Goldsmith, Lucy; Moncrieff, Joanna (April 2011). "The psychoactive effects of antidepressants and their association with suicidality" (PDF). Current Drug Safety. 6 (2): 115–121. doi:10.2174/157488611795684622. PMID 21375477.
  17. Moncrieff, J.; Cohen, D.; Mason, J.P. (August 2009). "The subjective experience of taking antipsychotic drugs: a content analysis of Internet data". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 120 (2): 102–111. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2009.01356.x. PMID 19222405. S2CID 8520041.
  18. Moncrieff, Joanna (2006). "Why is it so difficult to stop psychiatric drug treatment? It may be nothing to do with the original problem". Med Hypotheses. 67 (3): 517–23. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2006.03.009. PMID 16632226.
  19. Moncrieff, Joanna (August 1997). "Lithium: evidence reconsidered". British Journal of Psychiatry. 171 (2): 113–119. doi:10.1192/bjp.171.2.113. PMID 9337944.
  20. Moncrieff, Joanna; Drummond, D. Colin (August 1997). "New drug treatments for alcohol problems: a critical appraisal". Addiction. 92 (8): 939–947. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1997.tb02966.x. PMID 9376777.
  21. Moncrieff, Joanna (2009). A Straight Talking Introduction to Psychiatric Drugs. Straight Talking Introductions. Ross-on-Wye: PCCS Books. ISBN 978-1-906254-17-9. OCLC 351325544.
  22. Moncrieff, Joanna (Summer 1997). "Psychiatric Imperialism: The medicalisation of modern living" (PDF). Soundings (6): 63–72.
  23. Moncrieff, J. (2008). "Neoliberalism and biopsychiatry: a marriage of convenience". In Cohen, Carl I.; Timimi, Sammi (eds.). Liberatory Psychiatry: Philosophy, Politics and Mental Health. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 235–257. ISBN 978-0-521-68981-6. OCLC 174449800.
  24. Moncrieff, Joanna (October 1999). "An investigation into the precedents of modern drug treatment in psychiatry". History of Psychiatry. 10 (40): 475–490. doi:10.1177/0957154X9901004004. PMID 11624330. S2CID 7724748.
  25. Moncrieff, J; Crawford, MJ (August 2001). "British psychiatry in the 20th century—observations from a psychiatric journal". Social Science & Medicine. 53 (3): 349–356. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(00)00338-5. PMID 11439818.
  26. Allison, Laura; Moncrieff, Joanna (March 2014). "'Rapid tranquillisation': an historical perspective on its emergence in the context of the development of antipsychotic medications". History of Psychiatry. 25 (1): 57–69. doi:10.1177/0957154X13512573. PMID 24594821. S2CID 43376169.
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