Jigoku (film)

Jigoku (地獄, "Hell"), also titled The Sinners of Hell, is a 1960 Japanese horror film directed by Nobuo Nakagawa and produced by Shintoho. The film stars Utako Mitsuya and Shigeru Amachi, and is notable for separating itself from other Japanese horror films of the era such as Kwaidan or Onibaba due to its graphic imagery of torment in Hell.[3] It has gained a cult film status. Shintoho declared bankruptcy in 1961, its last production being Jigoku.[4]

Jigoku
Promotional release poster
Directed byNobuo Nakagawa
Produced byMitsugu Okura[1]
Screenplay by
  • Nobuo Nakagawa
  • Ichirō Miyagawa[1]
StarringUtako Mitsuya
Music byChumei Watanabe[2]
CinematographyMamoru Morita[1]
Edited byToshio Goto[2]
Production
company
Release date
  • 30 July 1960 (1960-07-30) (Japan)
Running time
100 minutes[1]
CountryJapan[1]

Plot

A young Tokyo theology student, Shirō (Shigeru Amachi), is set to marry his girlfriend, Yukiko (Utako Mitsuya), the daughter of his professor, Mr. Yajima. After announcing the engagement, Shirō's dark and unsettling colleague, Tamura (Yōichi Numata), drives Shirō home, suggesting that Shirō had been sleeping with Yukiko for some time. Taking a side street at Shirō's request, Tamura hits and kills drunken yakuza gang leader, Kyōichi. Though Shirō wants to stop, Tamura keeps driving, stating that it does not concern him and that ultimately, the murder is Shirō's fault for asking him to drive down the street. Unbeknown to either of them, Kyōichi's mother (Kiyoko Tsuji) witnessed everything and resolves to find and kill them.

Though Tamura feels no guilt for the murder, Shirō does and attempts to go to the police. After telling Yukiko of what happened, Shirō insists that they take a taxi cab to the police station, despite Yukiko's pleas to walk instead. While in the cab, Shirō hallucinates that Tamura is driving the cab, and it crashes, killing Yukiko. After her funeral, Shirō seeks solace in the arms of strip bar worker and Kyōichi's grieving girlfriend Yoko (Akiko Ono), who discovers Shirō's culpability for the hit-and-run after sleeping with him and, with Kyōichi's mother, plots revenge.

Shirō receives a telegram that his mother, Ito, who lives in a country-side retirement community run by his father, Gōzō, is dying and rushes to see her. There, he meets the other residents including a disgraced painter, Ensai, who is painting a portrait of Hell, a former reporter, Akagawa, a corrupt detective, Hariya, and the community doctor, Dr. Kasuma. He meets Sachiko (also played by Mitsuya), a nurse and Ensai's daughter, who bears an uncanny resemblance to Yukiko, and is taking care of his mother. During his stay, Shirō and Sachiko become close while each of the residents' sordid activities is revealed: While Shirō's mother lies dying, his father carries on an open affair and also cheats the community of its money by cutting corners; the painter is wanted for a crime in another city; the detective threatens to turn the painter in unless he gives him Sachiko to marry; and the doctor knows his diagnoses are wrong, but feels that seeking a second opinion is too cumbersome. Both Mr. and Mrs. Yajima, both despondent after Yukiko's death, arrive by train to pay their respects to Shirō's mother. Ito dies, and Ensai blames Gōzō; decades ago, he and Ito were lovers before Gōzō came between them and married her leaving her unhappy. Inexplicably, Tamura appears and reveals that each of the residents has some complicity in a murder: Mr. Yajima killed his comrade during the war, stealing his water for himself; both the detective and reporter framed or slandered innocent men who then both committed suicide; and the doctor knew his diagnosis of Ito's condition was wrong, but chose not to tell anyone.

Yoko tracks Shirō down and meets with him on a rope bridge in the area. There she reveals her identity and attempts to shoot him while Kyōichi's mother watches from the trees, but she trips and falls to her death. Tamura appears, and the two struggle over the gun, and Tamura also falls into the gorge. Shirō stumbles back in time for the community's tenth anniversary party, where Gōzō has knowingly allowed cheap, rancid fish to be served to the residents. As the party descends into debauchery, Mr. and Mrs. Yajima both decide to leap in front of the train, killing themselves, and Gōzō's mistress falls to her death following an altercation. The residents die from consuming the tainted fish, and Kyōichi's mother sneaks into the party, poisoning the remaining residents' wine, killing them. Tamura, near death, stumbles into the party and shoots Sachiko, while Kyōichi's mother strangles Shirō to death and then commits suicide.

In Limbo, Shirō encounters Yukiko, who reveals that she was pregnant with his child, a baby girl named "Harumi", but has sent her floating away on the river of the underworld and begs Shirō to save her. Shirō enters Hell and is sentenced to punishment in the Eight Realms of Hell by Lord Enma for his sins. While running through Hell to find his daughter, he encounters each of his acquaintances, who suffer, in gruesome fashion, a variety of punishments for their sins, such as being boiled and burned alive, dismembered and flayed, or cut apart and beaten by ogres, only to be revived to suffer anew. Meanwhile, Tamura taunts Shirō, saying there is no escape from Hell, before being butchered for giving his soul over to evil. In a realm filled with glass shards jutting from the ground, Shirō finds Sachiko, but their reunion is interrupted by Shirō's mother, who shamefully reveals that Sachiko is his sister: Shirō is actually Ensai's son, and Sachiko is actually her daughter, also a product of her later affair with Ensai. Shirō is disgusted with his family, and continues searching for his daughter, determined to live and save her. While caught in a vortex of damned souls, he finds his baby daughter helplessly rotating on the Buddhist wheel of life. Lord Enma gives Shirō one chance to save his daughter, otherwise she too will suffer for all eternity in Hell. As Yukiko, Sachiko, and his mother call to him, Shirō leaps onto the wheel, but cannot reach his daughter.

The moment is frozen in time, revealed to be nine o'clock: the exact time that everyone at the party has finally died, including Ensai, who has hanged himself after completing his portrait of Hell and setting it on fire. In a final scene, both Sachiko and Yukiko stand smiling in peaceful light, calling to Shirō as sister and lover, respectively, with lotus petals falling around them, symbolizing mental and moral purity.

Cast
  • Shigeru Amachi as Shirō Shimizu, a young theology student who suffers guilt from his involvement in a hit-and-run on the night of his engagement to his girlfriend.
  • Yōichi Numata as Tamura, Shirō's dark and sociopathic classmate, who inexplicably knows everyone's sinful past, and was driving the car during the hit and run.
  • Utako Mitsuya in a dual role as:
    • Yukiko Yajima, Shirō's loving girlfriend.
    • Sachiko Taniguchi, a young nurse who looks uncannily like Yukiko, and the daughter of a disgraced painter at a retirement community.
  • Hiroshi Izumida as Kyōichi 'Tiger' Shiga, a drunken gangster hit and left for dead by Tamura and Shirō.
  • Kiyoko Tsuji as Kyōichi's Mother, who witnesses the accident and vows revenge.
  • Akiko Ono as Yoko, Kyōichi's girlfriend who swears revenge on Shirō with Kyōichi's Mother.
  • Hiroshi Hayashi as Gōzō Shimizu, Shirō's lecherous and greedy father who runs a dilapidated retirement center.
  • Kimie Tokudaij as Ito Shimizu, Shirō's sickly mother.
  • Jun Ōtomo as Ensai Taniguchi, an alcoholic painter, who is father to Sachiko. He is commissioned to paint a depiction of Hell.
  • Akiko Yamashita as Kinuko, Gōzō's shameless mistress.
  • Torahiko Nakamura as Professor Yajima, Shirō's teacher and father to Yukiko.
  • Fumiko Miyata as Mrs. Yajima, Yukiko's fragile mother.
  • Tomohiko Ōtani as Dr. Kusama, a negligent doctor of the retirement community.
  • Kōichi Miya as Journalist Akagawa, a resident of the community with a soiled past.
  • Hiroshi Shinguji (as Hiroshi Shingûji) as Detective Hariya, a corrupt detective who threatens to turn Ensai in unless he gives Sachiko to him for marriage.
  • Sakutarō Yamakawa as the Fisherman.
  • Kanjūrō Arashi (uncredited) as Lord Enma, the King of Hell.

Production

Nobuo Nakagawa asked Ichirō Miyagawa to write the script, which was originally supposed to be called Heaven and Hell, under order of producer Mitsugu Okura.[5] Mitsugu Okura read the script and angrily said to Miyagawa that "Heaven is nowhere to be seen in this script!", to which Miyagawa jokingly replied that he would write about Heaven in the sequel.[5] Actor Yoichi Numata played Tamura in the film, and expressed that he had tried to analyze the role, but couldn't find the best way to play it.[6]

The film was not expected to be well received, as Shintoho studio was considered to be a maker of low-budget, gory films. Jigoku was made in a hurry, and was the last Shintoho production. For the scenes which take place in hell, the cast and crew used Shintoho's largest soundstage and put dirt over it.[7] In a recent documentary, a crew member said that normally it would be just the crew helping to build the sets, but because it was Shintoho's last production, all the extras were helping.[8] Mamoru Morita said that Nobuo Nakagawa tried in many ways to make Jigoku different from other horror films from the time.[7]

Release

Jigoku was theatrically released in Japan on July 30, 1960.[1]

Home media

The film was released on DVD in North America from the Criterion Collection on September 19, 2006.[9]

Reception

Later reception

Later reviews of the film have been more positive, with many critics now recognizing it as a cornerstone for Nakagawa’s career. Dennis Schwartz from Ozus' World Movie Reviews awarded the film a grade "A", calling it "[a] disquieting morality tale based upon the Buddhist concept of an afterlife". Schwartz praised the film's performances, and visuals which he felt 'acted as a lurid study of sin without salvation'.[10] In an essay for the Criterion Collection, Chuck Stephens wrote, "Overflowing with brackish ponds of bubbling pus, brain-rattling disjunctions of sound and image, and at times almost dauntingly incomprehensible plot twists and eye-assaulting bouts of brutish montage, Jigoku is more than merely a boundary-pummeling classic of the horror genre—it’s as lurid a study of sin without salvation as the silver screen has ever seen."[11] Brett Gallman from Oh, the Horror! praised the film, calling it "a masterpiece in visual and abstract horror". Gallman praised the film's performances, eerie score, Nakagawa’s direction, and "vivid color palette".[12] HorrorNews.net stated in their review of the film that, "Although this film contains effects that are outdated by modern standards, it is a very powerful story that is based upon the Buddhist belief that sins are atoned for in the afterlife."[13]

The film has developed a cult following over the years and is now considered a cult classic.[10][14]

Legacy

In 1979, the acclaimed Nikkatsu Roman Porno director Tatsumi Kumashiro remade Jigoku for Toei.[15]

References
  1. Galbraith IV 1996, p. 359.
  2. "Jigoku". Criterion Collection. Retrieved November 10, 2016.
  3. Galbraith, Stuart (1994). Japanese Fantasy, Science Fiction and Horror Films. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. ISBN 978-0899508535.
  4. Galbraith IV 1994, p. 317.
  5. Miyagawa, Ichirō (Writer) (2007-03-13). Jigoku, DVD Extra: Building the Inferno (DVD). Criterion Collection.
  6. Numata, Yoichi (Actor) (2007-03-13). Jigoku, DVD Extra: Building the Inferno (DVD). Criterion Collection.
  7. Morita, Mamoru (Cinematographer) (2007-03-13). Jigoku, DVD Extra: Building the Inferno (DVD). Criterion Collection.
  8. Jigoku, DVD Extra: Building the Inferno (DVD). Criterion Collection. 2007-03-13.
  9. "The Criterion Collection - Cult Movies". Criterion.com. Criterion Collection. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  10. Schwartz, Dennis. "jigoku". Sover.net. Dennis Schwartz. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  11. Stephens, Chuck. "The Criterion Collection - The Current - Jigoku: Hell on Earth". Criterion.com. Chuck Stephens. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  12. Gallman, Brett. "Horror Reviews - Jigoku (1960)". Oh the Horror.com. Brett Gallman. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  13. "Film Review: Jigoku (1960)". HorrorNews.net. Scarlett OTerror. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  14. "Cult Movies".
  15. Sharp, Jasper (2008). Behind the Pink Curtain: The Complete History of Japanese Sex Cinema. Guildford: FAB Press. p. 137. ISBN 978-1-903254-54-7.

Sources
  • Galbraith IV, Stuart (1996). The Japanese Filmography: 1900 through 1994. McFarland. ISBN 0-7864-0032-3.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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