Japanese Mahjong

Japanese Mahjong (Japanese: 麻雀, 麻将 or マージャン; mājan), also known as riichi mahjong, is a variation of mahjong. While the basic rules to the game are retained, the variation features a unique set of rules such as riichi and the use of dora. The main mahjong article contains general terms, but only English and Japanese terms are used here. Terms like "chow," "pung," and "kong" are not used in this variation, yet their calling functions are still used. In those circumstances, they are referred to in Japanese as chii, pon, and kan.

History

In 1924, a soldier named Saburo Hirayama brought the game to Japan.[1] In Tokyo, he started a mahjong club, parlor, and school.[1] In the years after, the game dramatically increased in popularity. In this process, the game itself was simplified from the Chinese version. Then later, additional rules were adopted to increase the complexity.[2]

Mahjong, as of 2010, is the most popular table game in Japan.[3] As of 2008, there were approximately 7.6 million mahjong players and about 8,900 mahjong parlors in the country. The parlors did 300 billion yen in sales in 2008.[4] There are several manga and anime devoted to dramatic and comic situations involving mahjong (see Media).[5] Japanese video arcades have introduced mahjong arcade machines that can be connected to others over the Internet. There are also video game versions of strip mahjong.

In Japan, there are what are known as professional players, usually members of organizations that compete in internal leagues and external events with other professionals and the general public. There are over 1,700 professionals spread across a half-dozen organizations. There is no universal authority for riichi mahjong in Japan: professionals cannot dictate how mahjong parlors or amateur organizations and players operate, nor can they regulate each other since everything is left to the free market. Likewise, there is no global authority regulating riichi mahjong.

Setup
Japanese mahjong tiles, including red dora tiles as well as season tiles which are used in variants

Japanese mahjong is usually played with 136 tiles.[6] The tiles are mixed and then arranged into four walls that are each two stacks high and 17 tiles wide. 26 of the stacks are used to build the players' starting hands, 7 stacks are used to form a dead wall, and the remaining 35 stacks form the playing wall.

There are 34 different kinds of tiles, with four of each kind. Just like standard mahjong, there are three suits of tiles, pin (circles), sō (bamboo) and wan (characters), and unranked honor tiles (字牌 jihai). Honor tiles are further divided between wind tiles and dragon tiles. Some rules may have red number five tiles which work as dora that earn more han value. The flower and season tiles are omitted. Names for suit tiles follow the pattern of [number] + [suit], the numbers being Japanese pronunciations of the corresponding Chinese words.

  • Pin (筒子, pinzu): Named as each tile consists of a number of circles.
iipinryanpinsanpinsūpinūpinrōpinchiipinpāpinchūpin
  • Sō (索子, sōzu): Named as each tile consists of a number of bamboo sticks that hold a hundred coins each. The face of the number one tiles is a bird.
iisōryansōsansōsūsōūsōrōsōchiisōpāsōchūsō
  • Man (萬子, wanzu, or manzu): Named as each tile consists of a number of ten thousands (萬, wan, or man; see the lower character on the tile). Originally, this was 10,000 coins made up of 100 strings of 100 coins each (see mahjong tiles). The kanji of number five usually becomes "伍" instead of "五". The modern Japanese standard uses wan as the suit's suffix, most western languages including English will use man instead. The seven in this suit would thus be called chiiwan in Japanese, but seven-man (or 7-man) in English.
iiwanryanwansanwansūwanūwanrōwanchiiwanpāwanchūwan
ton
(East)		nan
(South)		shā
(West)		pei
(North)
  • Dragon tiles (三元牌, sangenpai): White (白, haku), Green (發, hatsu), and Red (中, chun). Often, the face of the White dragon tiles is blank white. The kanji of the Green dragon tiles in Japan is usually 𤼵 which is slightly different from 發 since it includes the kanji 矢 instead of 殳.
hakuhatsuchun

General mahjong rules

Many basic rules of mahjong apply to the Japanese variation. Valid collections of three tiles are called groups (mentsu), divided into triplets (kōtsu) and sequences (shuntsu). Players can also form a quad using four of the same tile.

Making groups by calling (melding)

Players can make a meld (open group) by calling for another player's discard. They reveal the meld on the table and then make their own discard. Calling for another player's discard makes the group and the hand open. When a winning tile of a closed hand is a discard, the group including that discard is also considered open, while the hand is still regarded as closed. The calls operate exactly the same as any variation of mahjong, except Japanese terminology is used.

Chii

Players can make an open sequential group, a sequence (3 consecutive tiles in the same suit), by calling out "chii" (吃 or チー) using a tile discarded by the left player, who is prior in order. Players place the meld face up on the table, usually on the right side of their hands, with the discard placed sideways at the leftmost position of the meld to indicate which tile was taken from the left's discard pile.

Pon

Players can make an open identical group, a triplet (3 identical tiles in the same suit, or 3 identical honor tiles) by calling out "pon" (碰 or ポン) using a tile discarded by any other player. Players place the meld face up on the table with one of those tiles placed sideways to indicate from whom the discard was taken.

Kan

Players can make a meld from 4 identical tiles in the same suit or 4 identical honor tiles. After calling a quad, the next adjacent dora indicator tile is flipped, and players need to draw a supplemental tile from the end of the dead wall. Depending on the rules, the number of tiles in the dead wall is kept at 14 by reserving the last available tile from the wall, or the number decreases at that time. There are three types of quads. Players call out "kan" (槓 or カン) for all of them.

  • Closed quad: Players can make a closed quad if they have four of the same tile in their hand. They reveal those tiles, then place them to the right side of their hand with two tiles face up and two face down. They then draw another tile from the dead wall. A closed quad does not use another player's discard and does not open their hand.
  • Open quad: Players can make an open quad using another player's discarded tile if they have three of that same tile in their hand. They reveal the meld on the table with all four tiles face up, with one placed sideways to indicate from whom the discard was taken. Players cannot make this type of quad using an open meld of three tiles.
  • Added open quad: Players can make an added open quad (kakan; 加槓) by adding a self-drawn tile or a tile already in their hand to an open meld of the same three tiles.[7] The tile is usually added sideways on top of the sideways tile in the open meld.

Precedence order

The order of precedence to pick up a discard when two or more players want it is ron (winning) first, kan or pon second, and chii third. Kan and pon cannot happen at the same time since there are only four of each tile. Depending on the ruleset being used, these calls may be allowed when the next player has already drawn and seen their next tile. In such cases, that player takes first precedence if they call tsumo.

Japanese rules overview

While the basic rules to mahjong apply with the Japanese variation, an additional, distinct set of rules are applied. (See the rules for Old Hong Kong Mahjong.)

Yaku and yakuman
Main article: Japanese Mahjong yaku

Yaku are specific combinations of tiles or conditions that yield the value of hands. Unlike many variants, a winning hand consists of four melds requires at least one yaku. When scoring, each yaku has its own han value, and the han works as a doubler. A winning hand needs at least one yaku. Yakuman is a value for limit hands which are hard to get, and in some variations cumulative and/or multiple yakuman can be counted. Yakuman-class hands ignore all other scoring patterns and points.

Riichi

Declaring riichi means declaring a ready hand, and is a kind of yaku. A player may declare ready if a player's hand needs only one tile to complete a legal hand (tenpai), and the player has not claimed another players' discards to make open melds. When declaring ready, a player can win on a discard even when the hand didn't have a yaku because ready itself is a yaku.[8] Upon declaring ready, the player must pay a deposit and may no longer change their hand except when forming certain closed quads.

As a possible house rule, a player can choose to reveal their hand to win more points if successful, which is called ōpun riichi (open riichi). In that case, the player shows only the tiles that are related to waits, or reveals all the tiles in the hand depending on the rules.[9] The declaration increases the yaku count allowing the player to score extra points.

Dora

Dora (ドラ) are bonus tiles that add han value to a winning hand. Every kind of tile can become a dora tile. A dora tile adds the same number of han value as the amount of its corresponding "dora indicator" tiles. Dora is not counted as yaku, and having it without yaku does not meet the one yaku requirement for a winning hand.[10]

At the start of a hand, the upper tile from the third stack of back end of the dead wall is flipped and becomes a dora indicator.[11] Then, its succeeding tile is recognized as dora. For example, if an indicator is a Green dragon (), Red dragons () are counted as dora by the sequence shown below, in which the Red dragon wraps around to the White dragon ().

The succeeding order of dora is as follows:

---------

---------

---------

----

---

The number of dora indicators increases in the following manner: Each time a player calls a quad, the next adjacent dora indicator tile is flipped, starting with the upper tile from the fourth stack from the back end. The indicator is flipped immediately after the quad is called, and after that the player draws a supplemental tile for their hand from the back end of the dead wall. The number of indicators increases in that direction, which becomes five if a single player calls four quads, and that is the largest possible number from the upper tiles in the third to seventh stacks of the dead wall (see four quads).

In addition, when a player goes out with a declaration of riichi (ready hand), the tiles underneath the dora indicators are flipped after the win and become additional dora indicators, making their succeeding tiles also counted as dora which are called ura-dora (裏ドラ, hidden dora).

It is said that the name dora stands for "dragon," although it has nothing to do with dragon tiles in contemporary Japanese mahjong.

  • Red 5 tiles: A variation uses specially marked red number 5 tiles that also count as dora themselves, regardless of dora indicators. In addition, if a dora indicator is number 4 of the same suit as red 5 tiles, players acquire further han value. One red 5 tile for each suit is usually used in place of regular five tiles, with some local variants using various amounts (two 5-pin only, two 5-pin and one 5-sō and 5-wan, two of each 5 in all three suits, et cetera). In some variations, tiles of other numbers such as 3 or 7 can be marked red.[10]

Scoring system
Main article: Japanese Mahjong scoring rules

In the Japanese scoring system, two factors are considered: the han value and fu value. If the han value is five or more, then the fu value is still counted but no longer necessary. A winner acquires points based on these values, which correspond to a points-value table.

Winning

There is a distinction between winning from the wall and winning from a discard. When going out, players call out "tsumo" (自摸 or ツモ, self-drawn) or "ron" (栄 or ロン, picking up a discard), and not "mahjong". In the case of tsumo, the other three players share the responsibility of paying out points, according to the scoring table. For ron, the player who discarded the tile pays all of the points.

Arranged discards

In many mahjong variants, discards are simply placed in the middle of the table in a disorganized fashion. However, with the Japanese variant, tiles are neatly placed in order of discard in front of each player. In turn, each player accumulates a discard pile, with each hand. Typically, discards are placed in rows of 6 tiles as per customary rule. In addition, open calls for chii, pon, and kan have discard specific rules, by which they must indicate the source and type of discarded tile. This way, a record is maintained for all discarded tiles corresponding to each player. Likewise, game strategy depends on the state of the discards and the players' hands.

Sacred discard

In the sacred discard rules which are also called furiten (振聴 or フリテン), a winning tile can only be drawn from the wall in the following cases:[12]

  1. A player cannot win on any discard if the same tile is currently in the player's own discard pile.[13] The rule also applies for multiple waits, that is, if any kind of tile in the discard pile can make a required combination irrespective of having yaku or not, a player cannot win off of any discards.
  2. If another player’s discard can make a required combination irrespective of having yaku or not, a player cannot win on any discard after it until the next turn[14] or until after an open meld is made.
  3. After declaring ready, a player can no longer win on any discard if the player has discarded a winning tile from the wall or has passed on a winning discard.

For all of these rules, if discards are not in the discard piles because they have been called to make open melds, the rules still work for such discards.[15]

Abortive draws

In Japanese mahjong, many rules allow abortive draws to be declared while tiles are still available. They can be declared under the following conditions:

  • Kyūshu kyūhai (九種九牌), shortened from kyūshu yaochūhai tōhai (九種么九牌倒牌): On a player's first turn when no meld has been called, if a player has nine different terminal (also known as major[16]) or honor tiles, the player may declare the hand to be drawn. For example, the hand may be . They could instead go for the thirteen orphans (kokushi musō) hand.
  • Four winds' barrier (四風子連打, Sūfontsu rendā): On the first turn without any meld calls, if all four players discard the same Wind tile, the hand is drawn.
  • Sūcha riichi (四家立直), or Yonin riichi (四人立直): If all four players declare riichi, the hand is drawn after the last player discards without dealing in.
  • Four quads abort (四槓散了, Sūkan sanra): The hand is drawn when a winning hand cannot be made from the discard after the fourth quad is called, unless all the four quads were called by a single player. If the four quads were collectively called by two or more players, the game may end upon the last player to make a quad discarding (either safely or dealing in), or it may end immediately. If all four quads were called by a single player, the hand continues. Once four quads have been made and the game is allowed to continue, generally, a fifth quad is unable to be formed. Like most optional settings, it is possible that a local mechanism is in place to allow for further quads, but is very rare.

Chombo

Players may be penalized under the following circumstances:

  • Gotsumo. Calling tsumo with an invalid hand
  • Furiten ron. Calling ron while furiten
  • Noten riichi. Calling riichi while not in tenpai
  • Machi ga kawaru riichi-go no kan (待ちが変わるリーチ後のカン) Closed kan after riichi if the kan changes the player's waits
  • Tāhai (多牌). Having more tiles than allowed (depending on the rules)[17]
  • Yamakuzure (山崩し). Literally 'landslide'. Damaging the wall to the point that it cannot be recovered[17]

Game ending conditions

A game ends after the last hand of the last round, which is usually the South (prevailing wind) round.

Bankruptcy

A game ends when a player's score becomes negative (below zero), or in some rare local rules, at zero points or less. Some rules may allow continued gameplay with a player having a negative point value.

Runaway victory

Some rule sets allow for the last dealer to decide whether to continue playing extra hands in the final round or stop. A runaway victory (agari-yame, あがりやめ, "win and stop") is when the last dealer decides to exercise this option after winning a hand, for instance when they are the top player at the time.[18] In some cases, a stop may be allowed simply for playing a hand and ending with a ready hand (tenpai-yame, 聴牌やめ) such as on Tenhou.net, one of the largest online mahjong sites in the world, or in very rare cases, allow the last dealer to end the game regardless of position.

Continuing into West

If the score of the top player is less than 30,000 points after the last hand of the last round, the game continues into the West round (西場) in some rules. This situation is called shānyū (西入; entering West). The prevailing wind becomes West. A North round (北場) may come next in the same way. Depending on the rules, it can be followed by an East round again or instead White dragon, Green dragon, Red dragon and East rounds.[18] Any extra round ends as soon as one player has 30,000 points or more.

Settling the score

At the end of a match, players are often given bonus points or penalties depending on their placement (see final points and place).

Yakitori
Yakitori markers

In an optional rule called yakitori (焼き鳥), if one did not win a hand in a match, that player pays a penalty. At the start of a match, each player has a marker called yakitori māku (mark) (焼き鳥マーク) on the table, and a player flips their own after winning a hand.[19] Chips or coins are also used as substitutes, and they are often removed instead of being flipped.

Shūgi

Often in mahjong parlors across Japan, an additional bonus payment called shūgi (祝儀) is given to players who won their hand. For each shūgi the winning hand has, additional payments are made by either the player who threw the winning tile, or by each player in the case of a self-draw.[20] Common shūgi are:

  • Limit value hands (yakuman 役満)
  • One-shot (ippatsu 一発)
  • Red fives (or other extra red tiles) dora (aka-dora 赤ドラ)
  • Ura-dora (裏ドラ)

There is a three player version called sanma (三麻), which eliminates 28 tiles from the number suit's 2-man through 8-man tiles and removes the ability to call "chii". There is a four player version called "Clear Mahjong" that was created by Noboyuki Fukomoto for the manga "Ten: Tenhōdōri No Kaidanji".[21] There is a version for two or three players called "San Hako Mahjong" that keeps all tiles, permits calling "chii", and utilizes a dummy player.[22]

Media

This variant is featured in anime and manga series such as Akagi, Saki and Mudazumo Naki Kaikaku. A live action series named Shin Janki (真・雀鬼) features the game involving yakuza and gambling, while employing various cheating tactics and techniques.

The variant is available via online play, notably Tenhou.net and Ron2.jp . In addition, many game consoles port mahjong games, as well as various PC software.

Global community

Outside Japan, there are clubs sporadically located across Europe, North America, Asia and South America. There are also tournaments of various sizes, the largest outside of Japan being the World Riichi Championship. Smaller events, such as the European Riichi Championship, as well as a few other tournaments can have attendance numbers of tens of people, sometimes even over 100 at events like the European Riichi Championship, and as high as 224 at the World Riichi Championship (2017 Las Vegas edition). The total reach extends to almost 50 countries, but some countries may have few players, others may have hundreds or thousands.

See also

References
  1. Rep, Jelte (2007). The Great Mahjong Book: History, Lore, and Play. Singapore: Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 0-8048-3719-8.
  2. http://www.tradgames.org.uk/games/Mah-Jong.htm
  3. Pakarnian, John, "Game Boy: Glossary of Japanese Gambling Games", Metropolis, January 22, 2010, p. 15.
  4. Matsutani, Minoru, "Mah-jongg ancient, progressive", Japan Times, June 15, 2010, p. 3.
  5. Schodt, Frederik, Manga! Manga! The World of Japanese Comics. Kodansha, 1986, Chapter 5
  6. "Majan Equipment". Retrieved 2009-11-16.
  7. Wikipedia contributors, "槓," Wikipedia: Japanese-language version, February 24, 2011, 00:40 UTC, retrieved February 24, 2011.
  8. http://www.mahjongtime.com/mahjong-japanese-rules-4.html
  9. Wikipedia contributors, "立直," Wikipedia: Japanese-language version, March 10, 2011, 05:16 UTC, retrieved July 23, 2011.
  10. Wikipedia contributors, "ドラ (麻雀)," Wikipedia: Japanese-language version, August 31, 2011, 01:16 UTC.
  11. http://www.mahjongtime.com/Mahjong-Dora-Tile.html
  12. Wikipedia contributors, "振聴," Wikipedia: Japanese-language version, January 13, 2011, 11:34 UTC, retrieved February 11, 2011.
  13. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-06-19. Retrieved 2012-04-18.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  14. When the turn is skipped by other players' making open melds, generally the player still cannot win on discards on the same condition. See the following reference: Wikipedia contributors, "振聴," Wikipedia: Japanese-language version, August 16, 2011, 06:08 UTC.
  15. From which pile a discard was called is recognized by placing that tile sideways in a proper place in an open meld.
  16. Tile Classification
  17. Wikipedia contributors, "麻雀の反則行為," Wikipedia: Japanese-language version, April 19, 2011, 14:16 UTC, retrieved June 15, 2011.
  18. Wikipedia contributors, "麻雀のルール," Wikipedia: Japanese-language version, February 14, 2012, 10:16 UTC.
  19. Wikipedia contributors, "麻雀," Wikipedia: Japanese-language version, September 14, 2011, 00:37 UTC, retrieved October 24, 2011.
  20. Wikipedia contributors, "麻雀での用例" Wikipedia: Japanese-language version, April 16th, 2018, 23:13 UTC, retrieved April 16th 2018.
  21. "Clear Mahjong". Mahjong Wiki.
  22. "San Hako Mahjong". San Hako Mahjong.
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