James P. Gordon

James Power Gordon (March 20, 1928 – June 21, 2013) was an American physicist known for his work in the fields of optics and quantum electronics. His contributions include the design, analysis and construction of the first maser in 1954 as a doctoral student at Columbia University under the supervision of C. H. Townes, development of the quantal equivalent of Shannon's information capacity formula in 1962, development of the theory for the diffusion of atoms in an optical trap (together with A. Ashkin) in 1980, and the discovery of what is now known as the Gordon-Haus effect in soliton transmission, together with H. A. Haus in 1986. James P. Gordon was a member of the National Academy of Engineering (since 1985) and the National Academy of Science (since 1988).

James P. Gordon
James P. Gordon (1928–2013)
Born(1928-03-20)March 20, 1928
New York City, New York
DiedJune 21, 2013(2013-06-21) (aged 85)
Manhattan, New York, New York
NationalityUnited States
Alma materColumbia University
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Scientific career
FieldsPhysics
InstitutionsBell Labs
Doctoral advisorCharles Hard Townes

Biography and personal life

J. P. Gordon was born in Brooklyn, New York, on March 20, 1928, and was raised in Forest Hills, Queens and Scarsdale, New York.[1] His father, Robert S. Gordon was a lawyer and worked as VP and General Counsel for National Dairy, now Kraftco. Gordon attended Scarsdale High School and Phillips Exeter Academy (Class of 1945). In 1949 he received a bachelor's degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and joined the physics department of Columbia University as a graduate student. He received his Masters and PhD degrees in physics in 1951 and 1955, respectively. In the framework of his doctoral research he designed, built and demonstrated the successful operation of the first maser together with Herbert J. Zeiger and with his doctoral advisor Charles H. Townes. The invention of the maser won the Nobel Prize in Physics, which C.H. Townes shared in 1964 with the Russian scientists N. Bassov and A. Prokhorov. Starting in 1955 and until his retirement in 1996, James P. Gordon worked as a scientist at AT&T Bell-Laboratories, where in the period between 1958 and 1980 he headed the Quantum Electronics Research Department, located initially in Murray Hill and later in Holmdel Township, both in the state of New Jersey. In 1962-1963 he spent one year as a visiting Professor at the University of California, San Diego.

In 1960 he married Susanna Bland Waldner, a former Bell-Labs computer programmer. The couple had three children: James Jr., Susanna, and Sara. A resident of Rumson, New Jersey, he died aged 85 on June 21, 2013, at a hospital in New York City due to cancer.[1][2]

In addition to his scientific career, Gordon played platform tennis, having won the U.S. National Championship for men's doubles in 1959, and mixed doubles in 1961 and 1962.[3][4]

Gordon's brother, Robert S. Gordon Jr. (1926-1984) set up a Cholera Clinic in East Pakistan, where he made seminal contributions to the study of this disease. The Gordon Lecture in Epidemiology is a yearly award in his honor, granted by the National Institutes of Health (NIH).[5]

Scientific activity

Lasers and resonators
Picture of James P. Gordon with Charles H. Townes behind maser components, at the exhibit in National Museum of American History, Washington, DC, USA.

During his doctoral training period with C.H. Townes at Columbia University, Gordon worked on the design, analysis and construction of the maser.[6] This work produced the first prototype of what later evolved into the laser (originally called ``optical maser") and became one of the most important workhorses in 20th-century technology.[7] Gordon's later contribution to lasers included the analysis of the confocal, or curved mirror laser resonator. He joined with G. Boyd, to introduce the concept of Hermite-Gaussian modes into resonator study,[8] influencing all subsequent research conducted on laser resonators. In his work with R.L. Fork and O.E. Martinez in 1994, a mechanism for generating tunable negative dispersion using pairs of prisms was proposed. This invention was instrumental in achieving ultra-short laser pulses, critical in many applications using laser technology.[9]

Quantum information

In 1962, Gordon studied the implications of quantum mechanics on Shannon's information capacity.[10] He pointed out the main effects of quantization and conjectured the quantum equivalent of Shannon's formula for the information capacity of a channel.[11] Gordon's conjecture, later proven by Alexander Holevo and known as Holevo's theorem, became one of the central results in the modern field of quantum information theory.[12] In his work with W.H. Louisell published in 1966, Gordon addressed the problem of measurement in quantum physics, focusing in particular on the simultaneous measurement of noncommuting observables.[13] The concept of "measurement operator," which was introduced in that work was an early version of what is currently referred to as positive-operator valued measure (POVM) in the context of quantum measurement theory. After his retirement, Gordon re-engaged with the topic of quantum information and his last paper on the subject, titled ``Communication and Measurement," was published on arxiv one year after his death.[14]

Atom diffusion

Having joined Arthur Ashkin's efforts of manipulating microparticles with laser beams, Gordon wrote the first theory describing radiation forces and momenta in dielectric media.[15] Later, jointly with Ashkin, he modeled the motion of atoms in a radiation trap.[16] This work together with Ashkin's experiments, was the basis for what later developed into the fields of atom trapping and optical tweezers.

Solitons and optical communications

Much of Gordon's later career focused on the study of soliton transmission in optical fibers. He reported the first experimental observation of solitons in optical fibers in a paper co-authored with R.H. Stolen and L.F. Mollenauer.[17] In a seminal 1986 paper Gordon explained and formulated the theory of the soliton self-frequency shift that had been observed prior to that in experiments.[18] In the same year, together with Prof. H. A. Haus of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) he predicted and quantified the timing-jitter effect resulting from the coupling between solitons and optical amplification noise in amplified optical systems.[19] This effect was shown to be one of the most fundamental factors in determining the performance of soliton systems and it is now broadly recognized as the Gordon-Haus effect.[20] In 1990 J.P. Gordon and L.F. Mollenauer predicted and analyzed the enhancement of phase-noise as a result of the optical nonlinearity of fibers.[21] This phenomenon, often referred to as the Gordon-Mollenauer effect, was a key factor in preventing the use of solitons in coherent optical communications.

Gordon's most recent major contribution to the field of fiber-optic communications was in the mathematical formulation of the phenomenon of polarization mode dispersion (PMD), which constitutes one of the most important factors in determining the performance of fiber-optic systems. His paper, coauthored with H. Kogelnik, appeared in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, and the formulation presented therein became standard in many of the subsequent texts dealing with polarization phenomena in optical fibers.[22]

Societies and honors

References
  1. Martin, Douglas. "James Gordon Dies at 85; Work Paved Way for Laser", The New York Times, July 27, 2013. Accessed July 29, 2013.
  2. "James P. Gordon, noted physicist, dead at 85". APP. Jun 26, 2013.
  3. List of Men's Doubles National Champions in Platform Tennis
  4. List of Mixed Doubles National Champions in Platform Tennis
  5. Gordon Lecture in Epidemiology
  6. Gordon, J. P.; Zeiger, H. J.; Townes, C. H. (1955-08-15). "The Maser—New Type of Microwave Amplifier, Frequency Standard, and Spectrometer". Physical Review. American Physical Society (APS). 99 (4): 1264–1274. doi:10.1103/physrev.99.1264. ISSN 0031-899X.
  7. Gordon, James P. (2010-05-01). "Reflections on the First Maser". Optics and Photonics News. The Optical Society. 21 (5): 34-41. doi:10.1364/opn.21.5.000034. ISSN 1047-6938.
  8. Boyd, G. D.; Gordon, J. P. (1961). "Confocal Multimode Resonator for Millimeter Through Optical Wavelength Masers". Bell System Technical Journal. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). 40 (2): 489–508. doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1961.tb01626.x. ISSN 0005-8580.
  9. Brabec, Thomas; Krausz, Ferenc (2000-04-01). "Intense few-cycle laser fields: Frontiers of nonlinear optics". Reviews of Modern Physics. American Physical Society (APS). 72 (2): 545–591. doi:10.1103/revmodphys.72.545. ISSN 0034-6861.
  10. Gordon, J. (1962). "Quantum Effects in Communications Systems". Proceedings of the IRE. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). 50 (9): 1898–1908. doi:10.1109/jrproc.1962.288169. ISSN 0096-8390. S2CID 51631629.
  11. Gordon, J.P.; Miles, P.A. (1964). Quantum electronics and coherent light. Proceedings of the International School of Physics Enrico Fermi, Course XXXI. New York: Academic press. p. 156 - 181. OCLC 500770.
  12. Holevo, A.S. (1998). "The capacity of the quantum channel with general signal states". IEEE Transactions on Information Theory. 44 (1): 269–273. arXiv:quant-ph/9611023. doi:10.1109/18.651037. ISSN 0018-9448.
  13. Simultaneous measurements of noncommuting observables, J. P. Gordon and W. H. Louisell, in Physics of Quantum Electronics, P. L. Kelley, M. Lax, and P. E. Tannenwald, Eds. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1966, pp. 833-840.
  14. Communication and Measurement: J.P. Gordon, arXiv:1407.1326 [quant-ph] (2014).
  15. Gordon, James P. (1973-07-01). "Radiation Forces and Momenta in Dielectric Media". Physical Review A. American Physical Society (APS). 8 (1): 14–21. doi:10.1103/physreva.8.14. ISSN 0556-2791.
  16. Gordon, J. P.; Ashkin, A. (1980-05-01). "Motion of atoms in a radiation trap". Physical Review A. American Physical Society (APS). 21 (5): 1606–1617. doi:10.1103/physreva.21.1606. ISSN 0556-2791.
  17. Mollenauer, L. F.; Stolen, R. H.; Gordon, J. P. (1980-09-29). "Experimental Observation of Picosecond Pulse Narrowing and Solitons in Optical Fibers". Physical Review Letters. American Physical Society (APS). 45 (13): 1095–1098. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.45.1095. ISSN 0031-9007.
  18. Gordon, J. P. (1986-10-01). "Theory of the soliton self-frequency shift". Optics Letters. The Optical Society. 11 (10): 662–4. doi:10.1364/ol.11.000662. ISSN 0146-9592. PMID 19738721.
  19. Gordon, J. P.; Haus, H. A. (1986-10-01). "Random walk of coherently amplified solitons in optical fiber transmission". Optics Letters. The Optical Society. 11 (10): 665–7. doi:10.1364/ol.11.000665. ISSN 0146-9592. PMID 19738722.
  20. Agrawal, G.P. (1995). Nonlinear Fiber Optics (2nd ed.). New York: Academic press. ISBN 978-0123958211.
  21. Gordon, J. P.; Mollenauer, L. F. (1990-12-01). "Phase noise in photonic communications systems using linear amplifiers". Optics Letters. The Optical Society. 15 (23): 1351–3. doi:10.1364/ol.15.001351. ISSN 0146-9592. PMID 19771087.
  22. Gordon, J. P.; Kogelnik, H. (2000-04-25). "PMD fundamentals: Polarization mode dispersion in optical fibers". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 97 (9): 4541–4550. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4541. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 34323. PMID 10781059.
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