James Baillie (c. 1737–1793)

James Baillie (1737 – 7 September 1793) was a British West Indies slave owner and merchant, and a Member of the Great British Parliament from 1792 to 1793.[1][2]

Life

Baillie, a descendant of William Wallace[3] and an ancestral nephew of John I de Balliol, was the second son of Hugh Baillie, of Dochfour, south of Inverness, by his wife (married 1730) Emilia, daughter of Alexander Fraser, 11th of Relig, Reelig or Rulick, Kirkhill, Inverness, by Catharine daughter of William Mackenzie of Sildoc. Hugh Baillie was son of Alexander Baillie by (married 1709) Hannah Fraser, of Relig. Alexander Baillie was son of David Baillie, 1st Laird of Dochfour, and second son of Alexander, 7th Laird of Dunain, from whom he inherited Dochfour, Easter and Wester Dochain in 1657, married secondly Margaret daughter of Hugh Fraser, 8th Lord Lovat.[4]

Dochfour house, Inverness, Baillie seat, circa 1810; 1780 rebuilding of the 1452 house burnt in 1745

James Baillie's younger brother was Evan Baillie, of Dochfour, of Parliament, the West Indies and Bristol.[4][5]

Baillie arrived in St. Christopher's (Saint Kitts) in 1755, and soon bought the Hermitage plantation in Grenada, undertook around 20 years of work, and in 1775 (?) returned to Great Britain and London. In 1772 James Baillie wrote: "[through] 1755–71 I was employed in the line of planting and commerce in the islands of St Christopher and Grenada [and Demerary]... and [in 1772] our house sold Negroes here to the amount of £120,000 sterling..."[6] At the time of the 1833 compensation claims Baillie's heirs were awarded c. £73,700 compensation for their c. 1,821 slaves in Grenada, Guyana and St. Lucia.[1][7][8]

He was M.P. for Horsham, in Sussex, from 1792 for only 18 months. There he had seemed to have been beaten at the poll, and so before a petition gave him the seat, he had been appointed British agent to Grenada. One is not sure whether he took up that post or where he died.[6]

But as Member for Horsham Baillie it is known that he spoke well in favour of the planters (plantation owners) in the slavery debate of 2 April 1792, against Wilberforce's "wild, impracticable, and visionary scheme" of abolition, adding that there was "more wretchedness and poverty in the parish of St. Giles' than in the whole of the British colonies".[9] He had his speech published.[6]

In London Baillie lived in Bedford Square and Ealing Grove, the nine bays and three-storeyed pedimented central projection Palladian palace set in 64 acres, re-modeled for Joseph Gulston, the younger, the collector and MP. Ealing Grove had then been owned by 4th Duke of Marlborough (1775) and 5th Duke of Argyll before Baillie bought it in 1791. The 5th Earl of Oxford was the tenant between 1799–1802, and Baillie's heirs sold it in 1811, having had passed a Private Act of Parliament in 1805. By 1800 James Baillie's widow, Mrs. Baillie (Colina), was living at 12 Harley Street, Cavendish Square.

Henry Keene's drawing of Ealing Grove, Middlesex

Wife
James Baillie's family, by Thomas Gainsborough, RA (c. 1784) (100 x 90 inches)

He married, Grenada, 26 April 1772, Colina or Colin Campbell (1753-) one of the two surviving daughters, co-heiresses, of Colin Roy Campbell, of Glenure (c1708-1752), son of Patrick or John Campbell, 3rd or 4th of Barcaldine, Argyll (1677–1738), by Lucia or Lucy Cameron (1692-) of Loch Eil (Cameron of Locheil), Lochaber, Inverness-shire, daughter of Sir Ewen Cameron of Lochiel, 17th Chief of Clan Cameron (1629–1719), who Lord Macaulay termed the "Ulysses of the Highlands".

Eight months before Colina's birth, on 14 May 1752, her father, Colin "Redfox" Campbell, was assassinated at Ballachulish, Lettermore, Argyll, by a member of the Stewart family. This the infamous Appin murder was the base of R. L. Stevenson's Kidnapped. Campbell was Hanoverian factor, or rent collector, for the forfeited estates of Stewart of Ardsheil in Argyllshire, Cameron of Callart, Mamore, and part of that of Cameron of Lochiel. Colina's mother was Janet Mackay (married 1749), daughter of Lt. Col. Hon. Hugh Mackay (son of 3rd Lord Reay) (married 1728) by Elizabeth Mackay, 6th of Bighouse, daughter of George Mackay of Bighouse, Strath Halladale, by Melvich, Sutherland.

Colina's elder sister was Louisa Campbell, 8th or Portioner of Bighouse (1751–1835), painted by Henry Raeburn, who had married George Mackay of Handa (1736-) in 1768, and had: Janet Mackay (c 1768-15.3.1857). The present day Bighouse Lodge was built in 1765.[10]

Sister-in-Law: Louisa Campbell, Mrs. George Mackay of Bighouse, by Henry Raeburn (cropped on her left)

Monumental portrait

The world of Baillie was captured by Thomas Gainsborough in a large (100 x 90 inches) portrait that had been intended for the RA show of 1784. It was bequeathed to the National Gallery by his son, a school-friend of Lord Byron, "Long Baillie", Alexander Baillie (1777–1855) in 1855, with provision for it to first be lent to his nephew Matthew James Higgins (1810–1868), aka Jacob Omnium; thus it passed to the national collection (now Tate Britain) in 1868.

Alexander Baillie, drawn by Ingres in 1816, was a close friend of Jørgen von Cappelen Knudtzon (1784–1854), the Norwegian. Bust portraits of both von Cappelen and Baillie were carved by Bertel Thorvaldsen. Alexander Baillie was buried in the Protestant cemetery in Naples in the same grave as writer and kinswoman Harriet Charlotte Beaujolais Campbell (died Naples 2.1848, aged 46), aka Viscountess Tullamore and Countess of Charleville, who had married (Florence, 1821) Charles Bury, 2nd Earl of Charleville,[11] and Francois "Dominique" Joseph Loridan, Valet de Chambre to M. Alexander Baillie of Naples, Tuscany (23 April 1780 – 16 April 1853).[12]

In November 2008 Highland News (13 November 2008) reported that local MSP David Stewart had raised the issue of Inverness Museum and Art Gallery's loan request of the Baillie family by Gainsborough at the Scottish Parliament's Question Time.[13] He was supported by the then tourism minister Jim Mather, as well as Highland Council convener Sandy Park, Inverness Provost Jimmy Gray and Highland councillor and historian David Alston. Stewart said:[14] "The painting is controversial because the Baillie family were involved in the slave trade. Following the emancipation of slaves in 1834 they received the equivalent of 5.5 million, which they reinvested in their estates in the Highlands and Islands... and was used to develop the Highlands through establishments like Inverness Royal Academy and the Royal Northern Infirmary. This was the only Highlander that to my knowledge was painted by Gainsborough. However, history should be seen warts and all, it's important that people know what it is. The Baillies played a big part in the development of the Highlands. It's a bit like the Highland Clearances, they are an appalling part of Highland history but people should know about it. Schools could make the painting a research project. If we got the painting on loan this would provide a huge boost to tourism in the Highlands and Islands and attract inward investment. It would be like when Caley Thistle signed Marius Niculae."[15]

Mrs. James Baillie, and her youngest daughter Colin-Campbell Baillie (later Mrs. Lloyd), by Gainsborough Dupont, extracted from and after his uncle's original of c.1784
The eldest son: Alexander Baillie (1777–1855), drawn by Ingres, Rome, 1816
Marble bust portrait of Alexander Baillie by Bertel Thorvaldsen, 1816

A version of this portrait which just shows Colina and Colin-Campbell by Gainsborough Dupont, it measures 36.5 x 28 inches, and has been in the Collections of Donaldson (Sir George Hunter Donaldson, Kt. (1845–1925)), Durand-Ruel and Gustavia A. Tapscott, of Richmond, Virginia,[16] a Pomeranian breeder, who had become in 1880, Mrs Charles H. Senff. As a widow she lived at East 79th Street and Knollwood, Long Island, and died 18 November 1927. Charles H. Senff (died 1911, aged 74), of Madison Avenue and 41st street, New York, The Beeches, Whitestone, Long Island, and Curles Neck Farm (5500 acres, with 3000 acres under plantation, and 100 permanent workers. In addition there they were champion breeders of Red Polled Cattle in the USA),[17] was a director of the American Sugar Refining Company, and associate and cousin of Henry Osborne Havemeyer. Charles Henry Senff was the son of Dr. Henry Senff by Susannah Havemeyer, daughter of Frederick C. Havemeyer of the sugar refinery company Havemeyers & Elder, which controlled most of the international sugar market, and evolved into the American Sugar Refining Company. Mr. Senff had a renowned and valuable collection of paintings, which included a Frans Hals portrait and some Corot bathing nymphs. In 1912 the collection was valued at $822,300.[18][19]

Children and descendants

Miss Colin-Campbell Baillie (1782–1830)
Coloured etching by Sharpshooter,[20] 8 September 1830, lampooning the manslaughtering quack doctor John St. John Long

The baby daughter shown in the Gainsborough portrait was Miss Colin-Campbell Baillie (1782–1830), who married (Marylebone, 8 August 1816), Admiral Edward Lloyd, RN, KH (Royal Guelphic Order). Mrs Lloyd died infamously aged 48 having fallen victim to the dangerous quack John St. John Long (1798–1834). Long was a good painter (nb. his The Temptation in the Wilderness, 1824, in Tate Britain), having been one of the only two known pupils of painter John Martin; however by 1827 he had realised that turpentine served him better as a massage oil for the ladies than mixed with oily pigments and placed on canvas. Exposed as a quack by 1828 he was charged and possibly convicted of Colin-Campbell Lloyd's manslaughter "on the grounds of gross ignorance, and on other considerations", but he escaped prison.[21]

A claimant on her behalf, a trustee of her marriage settlement, "for compensation for the enslaved people on Baillie's Bacolet in Grenada", was Commander Sir George Young, 2nd Bt., RN, ancestor of the present (2014) UK Government Chief Whip Sir George Young, 6th Baronet, PC, OM. Their daughter:

  • Colin Campbell Lloyd (1818, Marylebone-d. after 1881) married Conway Whithorne Lovesy (d.5.11.1885); educated at Bridgenorth and Queen's College, Oxford, JP, called to Bar, Middle Temple, 1845; 3 Essex Court, Temple; Captain Royal South Gloucester Militia; son of Conway Whithorne Lovesy (1781–1846);[22][23]
  • (Daughter) Colin Campbell Lovesy (1853–), married (19 January 1888), Charleton Kings, near Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, Edward H. Grant, of Demerera, British Guiana (?).

Janette Baillie

Another daughter, Janette Baillie (1773–1841), married Matthew Higgins (d.1814) of Benown, Glassan, Athlone, Westmeath, Ireland, residing in Milan;[24]

  • Matthew James Higgins, aka "Jacob Omnium" (1810–1868), renowned journalist and plantation owner in British Guiana;[25]
  • Alicia Higgins, Marchesa de Bugano, of Casapuzzano, Orta di Atella, in the province of Caserta;
  • Harriet Higgins, Mrs. or Baroness Ciccarelli (died Caserta, 1836, aged 27);
Palazzo Ciccarelli di Cesavolpe, Naples
  • Barone Giovanni Battista Ciccarelli, Marchese di Cesavolpe, of Naples (1830–1886), of Palazzo Ciccarelli, Piazza Santa Maria degli Angeli, who married Donna Maria Assunta del Pezzo dei Duchi di Cajaniello (* Napoli 11 January 1864 + Bagnaia 14 October 1892);
  • Beatrice Ciccarelli married Napoli 22 October 1890 , Don Pietro (* Roma 30 March 1867 + Bagnaia 25 July 1924), Duca Lante della Rovere;
  • Donna Beatrice dei Duchi Lante Montefeltro della Rovere (1892–1943) married Don Filippo Lancelotti, 3rd Principe Lancellotti, Principe di Marzano, Principe di Lauro, Patrizio Romano (1892–1970);
  • Donna Maria Cristina dei Principi Lancelotti married Luchino Zileri, Conte dal Verme degli Obbizi, son of Camillo Zileri, Conte dal Verme degli Obbizi and Elisa dei Conti Scheibler, on 7 June 1958 at Castello di Lauro;
  • Lucrezia Zileri, Conte dal Verme degli Obbizi (26 May 1962–);
  • Elisabetta Zileri, Contessa dal Verme degli Obbizi (26 Nov 1964–);
  • Emilia/Amelia Higgins, Signora Pandola, wife (married 1823), at her mother's house in Naples to Gaetano Pandola of Lauro (Villa Pandola, San Felice, Lauro Nola), and of Palazzo Pandola, 33 Piazza del Gesù Nuovo, Naples. Palazzo Pandola had been remodelled in 1823 from part of the Palazzo Pignatelli di Monteleone, and appears in the Oscar nominated film Matrimonio all'italiana (1964) by Vittorio De Sica with Marcello Mastroianni and Sophia Loren. In 1848 Emilia Pandola hid Carlo Poerio (1803–1867) from the Bourbon police, and painted his portrait. Guglielmo Oberdan/Wilhelm Oberdank was there in 1882, and another rebel Luigi Settembrini (1813–1877) taught her son Edward.

Present day

Michael Baillie, 3rd Baron Burton was the representative of the family of Baillie of Dochfour until his death in 2013.

References
  1. "James Baillie MP of Bedford Square and Ealing Grove". Legacies of British Slave-ownership. UCL Department of History. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
  2. "Slaves and Highlanders - James Baillie".
  3. Sir William Baillie of Hoprig, 2nd Laird of Hoprig (1293–1357), married Wallace's only child Elizabeth of Lamington
  4. Bulloch, Joseph Gaston Baillie (1898). A history and genealogy of the family of Baillie of Dunain, Dochfour and Lamington : with a short sketch of the family of McIntosh, Bulloch, and other families. Green Bay, Wis.: The Gazette Print. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
  5. "Evan Baillie". Legacies of British Slave-ownership. UCL Department of History. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
  6. The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1790–1820, ed. R. Thorne, 1986
  7. Some of the Northbrook Plantation sale particulars, June 1794, from ESSEQUEBO EN DEMERARISCHE COURANT (No. 31. ), ZONDAG Den 1 Juny 1794: By Order of the Trustees of James Baillie, Esq. deceased. To be Sold at Public Auction, at Mr. Stroud's Tavern, St. George's, Grenada, on Tuesday the first of July next, between the hours of Ten and Twelve in the Forenoon. That valuable Cotton Plantation on the East Sea Coast of Demerary, Called NORTH BROOK, Consisting of 500 Acres of Land, whereof 250 are planted with Prime Cotton Trees, 66 Acres in Plantains, and 28 Acres more empouldered, together with 147 Negroes, amongst which are several valuable Tradesmen: the whole forming a complete Gang, fully equal to the Cultivation of the whole of the Land, without any additional Strength. The Buildings are built of the very best Materials, mostly Country Wood, and in complete Repair. The Fertility of the Soil, and the Healthiness of the Situation are well known, and may be ascertained by Enquiry of Gentlemen acquainted with that Colony."
  8. "Essequebo en Demerarische Courant 1794 June 01".
  9. Senator, iv, 512, from The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1790–1820, ed. R. Thorne, 1986
  10. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 27 June 2014. Retrieved 16 June 2014.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  11. "Alexander Baillie". Legacies of British Slave-ownership. UCL Department of History. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
  12. "protnaplees".
  13. "Parliamentary Support for Historic Gainsborough". 7 November 2008.
  14. conflating his 15 October 2008 press release and the Highland News report
  15. "Portrait too big for city gallery!".
  16. Daughters of the American Revolution, Lineage Books (152 Vols.). The National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution, Volume 58, page 215
  17. The Cradle of the Republic: Jamestown and James River, by Lyon G. Tyler
  18. Important paintings by old & modern masters collected by the late Charles H. Senff [of] New York City and Syosset, Long Island, Anderson Galleries, New York, 28 & 29 March 1928.
  19. "United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service, NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES, Curles Neck Farm, County of Henrico, VA, pages 15–17" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 February 2017. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
  20. pseudonym, possibly of J. Phillips
  21. Hempel, Sandra (2014). "John St John Long: Quackery and manslaughter". The Lancet. 383 (9928): 1540–1. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60737-6. PMID 24800298. Mrs Lloyd consulted him [Long] in October 1830 over a sporadic cough. Five days after she started treatment she began complaining of a violent burning sensation in the sore on her chest, as well as shivering, thirst, and nausea. Her husband described the wound as 'discharging a dirty, white-ish, thick kind of substance'. The inflammation then began to spread down her arms. Long said this was all perfectly normal. He advised her to drink brandy and water and to put her head under the bedclothes. Two days later the doctors were called in, including Benjamin, later Sir Benjamin, Brodie, surgeon to King William IV, but to no avail. Mrs Lloyd died three weeks later, a month after she had first put herself under the care of Long.
  22. Walford's County Families, 1860
  23. "Colin Campbell Lloyd (née Baillie)". Legacies of British Slave-ownership. UCL Department of History. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
  24. "Janet Higgins (née Baillie)". Legacies of British Slave-ownership. UCL Department of History. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
  25. "Higgins, Matthew James". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/13234. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  • The Book of Mackay, by Angus Mackay, MA, Edinburgh, 1906.
  • History of the House and clan Mackay, by Robert Mackay, 1829.
  • Scotland, the Caribbean and the Atlantic world, 1750–1820, Manchester, 2005, by Douglas Hamilton.
  • (UCL) University College London's Legacies of British Slave-ownership, 2013–2015.
  • Will of James Baillie of Bedford Square proved 21 October 1793 PROB 11/1237/227.
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