Ilaya, Dapitan
Ilaya is one of the interior barangays in the Dapitan City, in the province of Zamboanga del Norte.[2] It is located 15.8 km south from Dapitan City proper along Dapitan river. It has a land area of 1,839.75 hectares[3] and a population of 3,123 people as of 2017.[1]
Ilaya | |
|---|---|
Barangay | |
| Barangay Ilaya | |
 Official Seal | |
| Motto(s): El Pueblo Durante El Tiempo de Español | |
.svg.png.webp)  Ilaya | |
| Coordinates: 8°32′45″N 123°25′50″E | |
| Country | Philippines |
| Region | Zamboanga Peninsula |
| Province | Zamboanga del Norte |
| City | Dapitan |
| First Visayan Settlement | 1563 |
| Founded as Pueblo | 1768 |
| Founded as Barrio | January 31, 1901 |
| Government | |
| • Barangay Captain | Hon. Predemar D. Quizo |
| • Kagawad |
|
| Area | |
| • Land | 1,839.75 ha (4,546.12 acres) |
| Population (2017)[1] | |
| • Total | 3,123 |
| Zip Code | 7101 |
The vicinity of Ilaya is situated at 8.54° North latitude, 123.43° East longitude and 20 meters elevation above the sea level.[4] It shares a common border with other barangays of Dapitan namely, Hilltop (north), Barcelona (south), Ba-ao (east) and Burgos (northwest). It also shares border with the municipality of Polanco in the west.[5]
The first people of Ilaya were the Subanen of Indonesian in origin known to have settled and lived along the banks of the river or “suba”. They were people of the river who believed in the spirit and the forces of nature. Timuay is the traditional title for the communal leader who is also the chief arbiter of conflict between the families of a community. Subanens held “buklog” to propitiate the diwata or to celebrate an event of communal significance and is exclusively performed by the balian. The functions of a balian are those of a medium who directs the living person's communication with the spirits, of a priest who conducts sacrifices and rituals, and of a healer of the sick.[3]
In 1563, some Eskayan followers of Datu Pagbuaya arrived and settled in Ilaya.[3]
During the Spanish occupation, Ilaya became a town known as "Pueblo de San Lorenzo" with its own local government under an executive called Gobernadorcillo.[6] The Spanish authorities created the pueblo de San Lorenzo to extend administrative control of the area in order to extract tribute and instate forced labor to the community. The barrios had to be integrated into the colonial framework so the Spanish authority instituted a policy of resettlement or “reducciones” (reduction) which would consolidate population in larger villages. This policy resulted to the incorporation of the communities from Oyan to Dampalan, as well as the present municipalities of Sibutad, Piñan, Rizal, Mutia (Salvacion) and La Libertad as barrios of Pueblo de San Lorenzo.[3]
On January 31, 1901, the American authorities reorganized the municipal government through Public Act 82, a general act for the organization of municipal governments in the Philippine Islands. With the new law, Pueblo de San Lorenzo became a barrio of Ilaya under the municipality of Dapitan which is also under the province of Zamboanga.[3]
Origin of the Name "Ilaya"
There are a number of theories about the origin of the name "Ilaya". One of which is that the name is said to have been derived from a place in Spain called Ilaya.[3]
Ilaya is also said to be a distortion of the Spanish word "La Playa", from the location being in a narrow stretch along the bank of the body of water. The word "ilaya" is also means "inland", "upland", "highland" or "rural" in Visayan word.[3]
Another theory is that it was Dr. Jose P. Rizal who named the place Ilaya in honor of the place where La Liga Filipina was organized. Rizal organized the La Liga Filipina, a progressive organization, in the house of Doroteo Ongjunco at Ilaya Street, Tondo, Manila in 1892. During his exile in Dapitan, he was engaged in a profitable business venture with Ramon Carreon, in fishing, copra and hemp (abaca) industry. He named the place where he gets his abaca supply Ilaya.
A widely accepted legend is about the mananambal, meaning a herbalist, named Ilay and Laya, who lived in the place near the river, now called Dapitan River. They are well-known for their ability to heal illnesses not only to their locality but also to the neighboring places as well. To honor them, the place where they lived was called after them as “Ilay” and “Laya” which eventually became Ilaya.[3]
History
Long before the Spanish came to Zamboanga peninsula, the area around Ilaya was already settled by the peaceful Subanen tribes. Subanen are indigenous people known to live along the river or "suba” in the local language.[7] They fished, hunted and crops for food. They also hand-wove their own clothing out of plant fibers.[8]
Subanen Settlements
Most of the Subanen settlement were riverine in orientation. The principal sources of protein was from the river and the people were relying more on fishing than on hunting for sustenance. The river was the major source of water for bathing, washing and drinking. The river was also a vital mode of transportation in moving goods and people. People travelled principally by water during this period.[3]
It was also at this time that the culture and commerce started to flourished. The communities, being along the river, were easily accessible to other communities like the Chinese and Visayan traders. It resulted in the exchanges not only with goods but the culture as well.[3]
Tribe Chieftains Period
It is said that there were eight (8) tribes who lived in the place now called Ilaya. They were Suminod, Mialen, Eknan, Yabu, Gomoray, Andapon, Tapalon and Limones. Suminod and his men lived in the eastern part of the valley, they were the ancestors of the Dagpin family. Mialen ruled in the nearby area now called “Bolisong”. Eknan, to be ancestors of the Baje, clan lived in the central plain of the valley. Yabu, the ancestors of the Elopre clan, settled in the Southeastern portion of the valley, known as Sitio Yabu named after him. The Gomoray, who ruled the place called “Waknit” (bats), a mountain area in the northeastern part now called Hilltop, are the ancestors of the Quizo and Bayron families. Andapon ruled the place Moson now called Barcelona. Limones, a caveman lived with his men in a secret cave situated at one mountain in the western portion now Oyan just adjacent with Tapalon's tribe which is now called Burgos.[3]
Visayan People Arrival
In 1563, Datu Pagbuaya of Kedatuan of Dapitan (formerly located in present-day Panglao, Bohol), with some 1000 families, arrived in Mindanao after the Kedatuan of Dapitan in Bohol was destroyed by the Sultanate of Ternate.[7] Datu Pagbuaya established the new Kedatuan of Dapitan in the northern part of Zamboanga peninsula of what is now known as Dapitan.[7]
Some of the followers of Datu Pagbuaya, the Eskayas moved upstream of the Dapitan river and settled in Ilaya. It has been argued that the Eskaya are a remnant of the original indigenous settlers in Bohol. They migrated to Bohol from Sumatra in the seventh century and became involved with the conflict between Kedatuan of Dapitan and Sultanate of Ternate. The Eskayas speak a Boholano dialect, however, they are better known for an auxiliary language, known as Eskayan or Ineskaya.[3]
Foreign trade and commerce bloomed during this period. It also marked the beginning of a wide trade between Muslims and the Ilaya natives. There is a curious story that the trade with the Muslim nations accidentally started when Muslim pirates pursued Uray, daughter of Manook, son of Datu Pagbuaya, to marry her. Datu Pagbuaya, refused and escaped with Uray through Dapitan river. The Muslims followed them upstream but was not able to find Uray. They continued their search along the river and eventually developed a trade relation with the river communities including the settlement in Ilaya.[3]
Spanish Era
Two years after the arrival of the Visayans, Spanish expedition led by Miguel López de Legazpi and Andrés de Urdaneta landed in Dapitan and were received hospitably by Pagbuaya.[8] In 1564, after the death of Pagbuaya, the Kedatuan of Dapitan was incorporated to the Spanish empire.
It was told that Datu Pagbuaya invited the Spanish missionaries to go with him to visit to his friends, Kantolan, Gomoray, Iknan and Mialen in the highlands. This invitation was accepted with joy by the missionaries. They were met and welcomed by the Subanons which were then baptized. The missionaries then left with the promise to come back.[3]
Arrival of the Jesuits
With the expansion of the Spanish regime in northern Mindanao, Fr. Pascual de Acuña, a Jesuit priest, arrived in Dapitan in year 1602 as the chaplain of the Spanish expeditionary squadron assigned to convert the natives.[9] By 1607, some 200 natives became formal converts to Christianity,[8] among them were the son of Datu Pagbuaya, Don Pedro Manooc and Manooc's daughter Doña Maria Uray.[7] By 1631, the Dapitan mission was permanently established. Later missions were founded in Bayuc, Dipolog, Lubungan, Misamis.[9]
In Ilaya, the missionaries in Dapitan opened the “Escuela Catolica” to teach the Subanos in reading and writing the Spanish language and of the Doctrina Christiana. The classes were divided into two, to separate the boys from the girls. The teachers also conducted regular house to house lectures.[3]
In 1700, with the expansion of the Jesuits to the south of Mindanao, a Jesuit mission station was established in Ilaya. The Jesuits continued with their mission until 1768 when they had to leave Mindanao by the Royal Order of King Charles III. The parishes under their care: Zamboanga, Dapitan, Bayog, Lubungan, Dipolog, Iligan, Initao, Ilaya, and Misamis, were taken over by the Recoletos and the diocesan clergy of Cebu.[9] It is believed that the Augustinian Recoletos friars brought the statue of Saint Augustine in the 1700s in Ilaya in this period. The human-size carving of Saint Augustine now lies on the altar of the Saint Lawrence Church.[3]
The Recoletos and the Creation of Pueblo de San Lorenzo
It was during the time of the Recoletos that Ilaya became Pueblo de San Lorenzo.[10] The pueblo de San Lorenzo was created so that the Spanish authorities can extend of administrative control to the community, which was a requirement in order to extract tribute and institute forced labor to the populace. The Spanish authorities also instituted a policy of resettlement or “reducciones” (reduction) which would consolidate population in larger villages.[3] Due to this policy, neighboring community of Ilaya, including the present municipalities of Sibutad, Piñan, Rizal, Mutia and La Libertad was integrated to Pueblo de San Lorenzo.
The Recoletos laid down the town on a narrow plateau, beside the present site of the church. This area is accessible through a crude stairway (called Escalon) of carved river stones on the northwest side of the plateau. The 80-step Escalon, Spanish of "step", still exists until now. On the plateau, stumps of Molave posts can still be seen and according to Ilaya's history transmitted from generation to generation, one set of posts marked the site of a tribunal.[10] The tribunal was built along Calle Espana, in an elevated hill at the eastern tip of Calle Real, in the poblacion area right above the top of the Escalon, facing the plaza.[3] Beside the tribunal, is the location of a stone church.[10]
The tribunal is an institution to determine claims or disputes. Within the tribunal was the office of the tax collector, which will remit collections to Cagayan de Misamis. The tribunal is also the home of the Jues de Paz (judicial officer). Juez de Paz, is the Justice of the Peace Court with the gobernadorcillo in the towns to hear petty cases. At the time all the judges and justices were appointed by the Governor-general upon the recommendation made by the audiencia (appellate court).[3]
The gobernadorcillo or Kapitan municipal (starting 1796) position was merely honorary and therefore no salaries. It was enough that while in office they were much respected by their constituents. A kapitan municipal was elected by the incumbent and former gobernadorcillo, cabezas de barangay and other individuals of high status in the locality. The so – called viva voce election was usually held during a Gran Tribunal. Ilaya, unfortunately, was not able to preserve a record of those individuals who served as Kapitanes municipal during the Spanish regime. The only available short list however includes Juez de Paz Famorca and Ubaldo Dagpin and Kapitan Municipal Agustin “Osting” Quizo.[3]
The pueblo de San Lorenzo became the Cabecera due to the construction of the San Lorenzo Church, situated at the hill and beside the tribunal. The church was the nucleus of each settlement complex and the community in which it was located was called Cabecera. Due to the importance of the Church in the Spanish Colonial Scheme, not only as a religious institution but as an economic and political force as well, it was to be expected that the population would gravitate toward the edifice that symbolized its power. Pueblo de San Lorenzo invariably became principal population center or poblacion during the Spanish era.[3]
The Return of the Jesuits
In the year 1859, the Jesuit were allowed to go back and take over the Missions in Mindanao from the Recoletos. The Jesuits started the long process of taking back the Missions they established before suppression, but they only returned to Ilaya at the later part of the 1800s.[9]
Ilaya was the last settlement that could be reached by boat that regularly plied the Dapitan River during this century. Jesuit priest Fr. Antonio Obach built a new church made of wood and nipa on the plateau not far from the church built by the Recollects, which may had been in disrepair.[10]
In 1897, the church was transferred to the present site below the plateau at the request of Fr. Obach.[10] The location of Ilaya, which is along the river, are constantly threatened with flooding. The people believed that the transfer of the church had caused the river, which often overflowed, to cease from threatening the town that grows on the foot of the plateau.[10] The nearby lots were then purchased in favor of the church to give bigger space for the church's future expansion, with Crisanto Q. Cagbabanua as “sacristan mayor” and Padre Gil (an Augustinian missionary priest) as parish priest.[3]
At this point, Ilaya had a thriving commercial activities and there were many Chinese businessmen engaging trade in the area. There were big stones owned by the Chinese and at the tip of Calle Santa Cruz where there was a market at the bank of the river while the residents, businessmen from Dapitan and the Subanos do their buying, selling and bartering of goods and agricultural products.[3] Agricultural production increased particularly the production of abaca which became one of main products during this period.
American Period
On January 31, 1901, the American authorities reorganized the municipal government through Public Act 82, a general act for the organization of municipal governments in the Philippine Islands. Section 4 (b) of Public Act 82 states that Municipalities of less than 2 thousand inhabitants may be incorporated under the provisions of this Act, or may, upon petition signed by a majority of the qualified electors thereof be attached as a barrio to an adjacent and incorporated municipality. With the enactment of Public Act 82, Pueblo de San Lorenzo became a barrio of Ilaya under the municipality of Dapitan which is also under the province of Zamboanga.[3]
Geography
Land
Ilaya has a total land area of about 1,839.7522 hectares based on the data acquired from the City Local Government Unit. It has a total barangay road area of more or less 23 km., the longest barangay road in Dapitan City. The barangay is composed of a poblacion and nine (9) sitios, namely, Bangay, Pula-lupa, Nabucan, Bobonao, Lugdungan, Yabu, Payan, Kalatong, and Leop.[3]
Ilaya is a Rural area and classified as an Agricultural land. It consists mainly of coconut land. Lowland production is mainly rice and corn. Many of the farmers are dependent on rainfall, others depend on irrigation for farming.[3]
Ilaya is located 15.80 kilometers away from the City Proper. It is bounded by barangay Hilltop in the North; barangay Barcelona in the South; barangay Sto.Nino and San Miguel, Polanco, Zamboanga del Norte in the West and barangay Ba-ao in the east.[3]
Most of the soil in the area is loam, which fertilizes the agricultural land that constitutes most of the land area.[3]
Climate
The climate in the area is classified as type I. Heavy rainfall can be observed from the months of June to December, while the dry months can be observed from January to May. However, due to climate change, these may not be the situation. Ilaya experienced a big flood last November 13, 1973 and February 9, 2012.[3]
Vegetation
Most of the community residents are engaged in horticulture production which is evident in almost all of the residences. Buwahan (lanzones) is also abundant and can be found in every yard. Almost every year, the lanzones in Ilaya will bear fruit and is harvested by Ilayanhons. The buwahan in Ilaya is very sweet and buyers would flock to get their share every season. Ilaya is popular in other parts of the country due to the sweetness of its buwahan.[3]
The community is cultivating mostly coconut in the highlands and farm rice & corn in the lowland. Usually many of the farmers are dependent on rainfalls but most depend on the irrigation for farming. Community residents are also engaged in inter-cropping production.[3]
Transport
Ilaya is situated along the highway between Dipolog and Ozamiz cities. It can be reached in land by bus, jeepney or balik-balik, motorcab (tricycle), habal-habal (motorcycle) or through the river such as raft, pump boats, speed boats and motor boats.[3]
The only way to cross the river when going to the poblacion from the national highway is the Ilaya steel bridge.
Education
The literacy rate among the Ilayanhons is high. Children below five (5) years old studied at Ilaya Centro Day Care Center, Yabu Day Care Center, Bobonao Day Care Center and Lugdungan Day Care Center. There is also an Alternative Learning System (ALS), a house to house learning method conducted by the ALS Coordinator/mobile teacher and Abot-Alam Program, a learning extension program of the DepEd with an assigned mobile teacher.[3]
There are also primary school, the Ilaya Elementary School, and secondary school, the Ilaya National High School.[3]
Public Establishments
Government Buildings
- Ilaya Barangay Hall
- Ilaya Basketball Court
- Ilaya Public Market
Schools
- Ilaya Elementary School
- Ilaya National High School
Religious Buildings
- San Lorenzo Catholic Church
- Ilaya Seventh-Day Adventist Church
Landmarks
- Ilaya Steel Bridge
- Escalon
- Ilaya Tree Park
Barangay Officials
Like all of the barangays in the Philippines, Ilaya is headed by elected officials, the topmost being the Punong Barangay or the Barangay Chairperson (addressed as Kapitan; also known as the Barangay Captain). The Kapitan is aided by the Sangguniang Barangay (Barangay Council) whose members, called Barangay Kagawad ("Councilors"), are also elected.[11] The current Punong Barangay is Predemar D. Quizo.[2]
Current Barangay Officials
| Position | Name |
|---|---|
| Punong Barangay | Predemar D. Quizo[2] |
| Barangay Kagawads | Julius B. Elopre |
| Claubeth Bael | |
| Paterno Tubil Jr. | |
| Vicente Cagbabanua | |
| Noel Eldian | |
| Enrico Estoque | |
| Ernie Acoymo |
Past Barangay Officials
| 2013 - 2016 | |
|---|---|
| Barangay Captain | Frisca D. Cagbabanua |
| Barangay Kagawad | Predemar D. Quizo |
| Jay G. Pardillo | |
| Joel D. Bael | |
| Ranil L. Magtuba | |
| Noel M. Eldian | |
| Paterno D. Tubil Jr. | |
| Perla B. Ferrater | |
| Secretary | Kristel Lian M. Manogura |
| Treasurer | Anna Leizel D. Bael |
| 2010 - 2013 | |
|---|---|
| Barangay Captain | Frisca D. Cagbabanua |
| Barangay Kagawad | Predemar D. Quizo |
| Joel D. Bael | |
| Jay G. Pardillo | |
| Perla B. Ferrater | |
| Ernesto B. Acoymo | |
| Julius B. Elopre | |
| Ranil L. Magtuba | |
| Secretary | Kristel Lian I. Magbanua |
| Treasurer | Anna Leizel D. Bael |
| SK Chairman | Ana Cristabel M. Eldian |
| 2007 - 2010 | |
|---|---|
| Barangay Captain | Frisca D. Cagbabanua |
| Barangay Kagawad | Gregorio M. Bael |
| Elvin M. Eldian | |
| Hepher C. Bael | |
| Joel D. Bael | |
| Julius B. Elopre | |
| Felizardo E. Hamoy | |
| Jay G. Pardillo | |
| Secretary | Ma. Marsha Fae Q. Cagbabanua |
| Treasurer | Elsie B. Caido |
| SK Chairman | Robert Van C. Eldian |
| 2002 - 2007 | |
|---|---|
| Barangay Captain | Amado D. Rosal Sr. |
| Barangay Kagawad | Gregorio M. Bael |
| Hepher C. Bael | |
| Julius B. Elopre | |
| Felizardo E. Hamoy | |
| Frisca D. Cagbabanua | |
| Lino L. Desuacido | |
| Elvin M. Eldian | |
| Secretary | Jucit R. Cagbabanua |
| Treasurer | Elsie B. Caido |
| SK Chairman | Rupert Kilven D. Quizo |
| 1997 - 2002 | |
|---|---|
| Barangay Captain | Norman Ireneo G. Amparado |
| Barangay Kagawad | Felizardo E. Hamoy |
| Juan T. Benitez | |
| Frisca D. Cagbabanua | |
| Firmo P. Elopre | |
| Amado D. Rosal Sr. | |
| Nerio G. Pardillo | |
| Gregorio M. Bael | |
| Secretary | Jose Lernie E. Baje |
| Treasurer | Virginia D. Navaja |
| SK Chairman | Julius B. Elopre |
| 1994 - 1997 | |
|---|---|
| Barangay Captain | Norman Ireneo G. Amparado |
| Barangay Kagawad | Albina Q. Elumbaring |
| Gallardo Q. Cabilin | |
| Amada E. Duran | |
| Nerio G. Pardillo | |
| Firmo P. Elopre | |
| Clemente D. Bagor | |
| Secretary | Roseller Cagbabanua |
| Treasurer | Victor I. Malacat |
| SK Chairman | Nonito A. Malacat |
| 1989 - 1994 | |
|---|---|
| Barangay Captain | Norman Ireneo G. Amparado |
| Barangay Kagawad | Nerio G. Pardillo |
| Frisca D. Cagbabanua | |
| Florentino D. Baje | |
| Suez G. Quizo | |
| Letecia A. Baje | |
| Mamelio D. Lomogbad Sr. | |
| Secretary | Danilo C. Tillano |
| Treasurer | Victor I. Malacat |
| 1986 - 1989 | |
|---|---|
| Barangay Captain | Cesar C. Hamoy |
| Barangay Kagawad | Amada E. Duran |
| Felicisimo E. Quizo | |
| Aurora Q. Calago | |
| Florentino D. Baje | |
| Conorito B. Dagpin | |
| Secretary | Danilo C. Tillano |
| Treasurer | Beltran Siao |
| 1982 - 1986 | |
|---|---|
| Barangay Captain | Icasio Quizo |
| Barangay Kagawad | Cesar C. Hamoy |
| Amada E. Duran | |
| Felicisimo E. Quizo | |
| Aurora Q. Calago | |
| Florentino D. Baje | |
| Conorito B. Dagpin | |
| Florentino E. Magtuba | |
| 1976 - 1982 | |
|---|---|
| Barangay Captain | Icasio Quizo |
| Barangay Kagawad | Aurora Q. Calago |
| Benedecta Elumba | |
| Maximo Elopre | |
| Aoubaubi Dagpin | |
| Luis Cagbabanua | |
| 1972 - 1976 | |
|---|---|
| Barrio Captain | Ambrosio Dagpin |
| Barrio Councilor | Icasio Quizo |
| Maximino Elopre | |
| Alpiniano Dagpin | |
| Jacinto Engco | |
| Aurora Q. Calago | |
| Benedicta Elumba | |
| Secretary | Vicente Cagbabanua |
| Treasurer | Cristuto P. Jakosalem |
| 1968 - 1972 | |
|---|---|
| Barrio Captain | Tiburcio Gahum |
| Barrio Councilor | Icasio Quizo |
| Tobias Galanido | |
| Bonifacio G. Jauculan | |
| Victor Malacat | |
| Jacinto Engco | |
| Aurora Q. Calago | |
| 1964 - 1968 | |
|---|---|
| Barrio Captain | Tiburcio Gahum |
| Barrio Councilor | Aurora Q. Calago |
| Venancio Cagbabanua | |
| Angel Malacat | |
| Tito Dancalan | |
| Alejo Agayan | |
| Metodio Cabilin | |
| 1961 - 1964 | |
|---|---|
| Barrio Lieutenant | Patricio Eguia |
| Barrio Treasurer | Alfonso Baje |
| Barrio Councilor | Mariano Elumba |
| Sotero Dagpin | |
| Suez Quizo | |
| Zenovio Cagbabanua | |
| Vice Lieutenant | Ruperto Quizo |
| Maximino Elopre | |
| Deogracios Dagpin | |
| Isaias Caido | |
| Alifio Dagaya | |
| Alejo Agayan | |
| Alfonso Dagpin | |
| Federico Elopre | |
| Tiburcio Gahum | |
| Nicodemus Paglalunan | |
Gallery
Escalon in Ilaya. By Norma Pardillo
A street lined with coconut trees in sitio Bobonao, Ilaya. By Lendy Marie Balmores Lumbo.
Century old church bells of San Lorenzo church of Ilaya. By Norma Pardillo.
References
- "Ilaya, Dapitan City, Province of Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga Peninsula, Philippines". www.mindat.org. Retrieved 2020-05-13.
- "Barangays | Dapitan City Official Website". Retrieved 2020-05-13.
- Ilaya Barangay Council of 2013-2016 and Germanico Malacat (2020-05-15). Ilaya Cultural Handbook 2016 Edition.
- "Map of Ilaya, Dapitan City - road map, satellite view and street view". www.maps-streetview.com. Retrieved 2020-05-13.
- "Dapitan Zoning Map | Dapitan City Official Website". Retrieved 2020-05-13.
- Buzeta, Manuel (1831). Diccionario geografico, estadistico, historico de las islas Filipinas (in Spanish).
- Blair, E. H. "The Philippine Islands, 1493–1898: explorations by early navigators, descriptions of the islands and their peoples, their history and records of the catholic missions, as related in contemporaneous books and manuscripts, showing the political, economic, commercial and religious conditions of those islands from their earliest relations with European nations to the close of the nineteenth century, Volume XL, 1690–1691". www.gutenberg.org. Retrieved 2020-05-16.
- "History | Zamboanga del Norte". Retrieved 2020-05-14.
- Mission, Jesuit Bukidnon. "JESUIT INDIGENOUS PEOPLES MINISTRY IN BUKIDNON". Jesuit Bukidnon Mission. Retrieved 2020-05-14.
- Javellana, René B. (1991). Wood & stone for god's greater glory: Jesuit art & architecture in the Philippines. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. ISBN 978-971-550-055-5.
- "Barangay", Wikipedia, 2020-05-14, retrieved 2020-05-14