Hoplias aimara

Anjumara
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	Characiformes
Family:	Erythrinidae
Genus:	Hoplias
Species:	H. aimara
Binomial name
	Hoplias aimara; (Valenciennes, 1847)
Synonyms
	Hoplias macrophthalmus (Pellegrin, 1907)

Hoplias aimara, also known as anjumara, traira, trahira, manjuma, anjoemara and wolf fish, is a species of freshwater fish found in the rivers of South America.[1] In Amazonia, the native populations are concerned by high levels of mercury contamination which has been linked to the consumption of contaminated fish. H. aimara is a good bioindicator of such contamination.[2]

Description

This is the largest of the Hoplias species with specimens caught at a length of 120 cm, the largest rod and reel record stands at 101 cm. They can weigh as much as 40 kg (88 lbs).[3] This species has an elongated cylindrical shape. the colour is basically brown with a lighter base colour, although shades can vary, with a number of vertical patches or stripes. There are normally small spots visible on the upper anterior part of the body including the head, the patterning can vary geographically. The colour can be almost solid black through to pale brownish gold colour with marked dark stripes.

Taxonomy

There were thought to be two species of giant trahiras Hoplias aimara (Valenciennes, 1846) and Hoplias macrophthalmus (Pellegrin, 1907), each described from French Guiana, study of the type-specimens of each species showed that both names, H. aimara and H. macrophthalmus, referred to the same taxon. The Principle of Priority of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature therefore means that the name Hoplias aimara has precedence.[4]

Distribution, habitat and ecology

Across most of northern South America, Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, French Guiana, Suriname and the island of Trinidad. Often found in counter current zones of principal rivers and creeks. It is mainly an ambush predator of fish but also feeds opportunistically on other animals that fall into the water such as terrestrial invertebrates. Attacks on larger vertebrates including humans are unproven. It is active predominantly at dusk and at night. Reproduction takes place at the onset of the rainy season from December to March. Depending on the size, the female can carry around 6,000 to 60,000 eggs. It is known for the quality of its flesh and populations in many more settled parts of its range have been severely depleted due to fishing for food.

Gallery

References

Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2006). "Hoplias aimara" in FishBase. April 2006 version.
Maury-Brachet, R., Gentes, S., Dassié, E. P., Feurtet-Mazel, A., Vigouroux, R., Laperche, V., ... & Legeay, A. (2019) Mercury contamination levels in the bioindicator piscivorous fish Hoplias aïmara in French Guiana rivers: mapping for risk assessment. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-13 (résumé).
http://animal.discovery.com/fish/river-monsters/wolf-fish.html
George M. T. Mattox, Mônica Toledo-Piza, Osvaldo T. Oyakawa, and J. W. Armbruster , (2006) Taxonomic Study of Hoplias Aimara (Valenciennes, 1846) and Hoplias macrophthalmus (Pellegrin, 1907) (Ostariophysi, Characiformes, Erythrinidae). Copeia: September 2006, Vol. 2006, No. 3, pp. 516-528.

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[1] Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2006). "Hoplias aimara" in FishBase. April 2006 version.

[MercureBioindic2019-2] Maury-Brachet, R., Gentes, S., Dassié, E. P., Feurtet-Mazel, A., Vigouroux, R., Laperche, V., ... & Legeay, A. (2019) Mercury contamination levels in the bioindicator piscivorous fish Hoplias aïmara in French Guiana rivers: mapping for risk assessment. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-13 (résumé).

[3] ttp://animal.discovery.com/fish/river-monsters/wolf-fish.html

[4] George M. T. Mattox, Mônica Toledo-Piza, Osvaldo T. Oyakawa, and J. W. Armbruster , (2006) Taxonomic Study of Hoplias Aimara (Valenciennes, 1846) and Hoplias macrophthalmus (Pellegrin, 1907) (Ostariophysi, Characiformes, Erythrinidae). Copeia: September 2006, Vol. 2006, No. 3, pp. 516-528.