Homicidal ideation

Homicidal ideation is a common medical term for thoughts about homicide. There is a range of homicidal thoughts which spans from vague ideas of revenge to detailed and fully formulated plans without the act itself.[1] Most people who have homicidal ideation do not commit homicide. 50–91% of people surveyed on university grounds in various places in the United States admit to having had a homicidal fantasy.[2] Homicidal ideation is common, accounting for 10–17% of patient presentations to psychiatric facilities in the United States.[1]

Homicidal ideation
SpecialtyPsychiatry
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Homicidal ideation is not a disease itself, but may result from other illnesses such as delirium and psychosis. Psychosis, which accounts for 89% of admissions with homicidal ideation in one US study,[3] includes substance-induced psychosis (e.g. amphetamine psychosis) and the psychoses related to schizophreniform disorder and schizophrenia. Delirium is often drug induced or secondary to general medical illness(es) (see ICD-10 Chapter V: Mental and behavioural disorders F05).

It may arise in association with personality disorders or it may occur in people who do not have any detectable illness. In fact, surveys have shown that the majority of people have had homicidal fantasies at some stage in their life.[2] Many theories have been proposed to explain this.[2][4]

Diagnosis

Violence risk

Homicidal ideation is noted to be an important risk factor when trying to identify a person's risk for violence. This type of assessment is routine for psychiatric patients[5] or any other patients presenting to hospital with mental health complaints. There are many associated risk factors which include: history of violence and any thoughts of committing harm, poor impulse control and an inability to delay gratification, impairment or loss of reality testing, especially with delusional beliefs or command hallucinations, the feeling of being controlled by an outside force, the belief that other people wish to harm him or her, the perception of rejection or humiliation at the hands of others,[1] being under the influence of substances or a history of antisocial personality disorder, frontal lobe dysfunction or head injury.

Associated psychopathology

People who have homicidal ideation are at higher risk of other psychopathology than the normal population. This includes suicidal ideation, psychosis, delirium, or intoxication.[6] In one study, it shows that people with schizophrenia have an increased risk of committing violent acts, including homicide.[7]

Homicidal ideation may arise in relation to behavioural conditions such as personality disorder (particularly conduct disorder, narcissistic personality disorder and antisocial personality disorder). A study in Finland showed an increased risk of violence from people who have antisocial personality disorder, which is greater than the risk of violence from people who have schizophrenia.[8] The same study also cites that many other mental disorders are not associated with an increased risk of violence, of note: depression, anxiety disorders and intellectual disability.

Homicidal ideation may arise in people who are otherwise quite well,[1] as is demonstrated by the fact that the greater majority of people within the general population have had homicidal fantasies. When triggering factors are sought regarding homicidal fantasies the majority seem to be linked in some way to the disruption of a couple relationship. Either jealousy or revenge, greed/lust or even fear and self-defense prompt homicidal thoughts and actions in the majority of cases.[9] In a minority of cases, homicides and acts of violence may be related to mental disorder. These homicides and fantasies do not seem to have the same underlying triggers as those by people without a mental disorder, but when these trigger factors are present the risk for violence is greater than usual.[10]

People who present with homicidal ideation also have a higher risk of suicide. This shows the need for an assessment of suicide risk in people with thoughts of violence towards others.[1]

Spurious and fictitious homicidal ideation

Sometimes people claiming to have homicidal ideation do not actually have homicidal thoughts but merely claim to have them. They may do this for a variety of reasons, e.g. to gain attention, to coerce a person or people for or against some action, or to avoid social or legal obligation (sometimes by gaining admission to a hospital) — see malingering or factitious disorder.[11]

Theories

A number of theories have been proposed to explain the phenomenon of homicidal ideation or homicide itself.[4] Many of these theories seem to overlap. They often are not mutually exclusive. At present no single theory explains all the phenomena noted in homicide, although many theories go some way to explaining several areas. Most of these theories follow the reasoning of theories studied in criminology. A brief synopsis of theories specific to homicide follows.

Homicide adaptation

This is the most recent of evolutionary theories. It claims to explain most of the phenomena associated with homicide. It states that humans have evolved with adaptations that enable us to think of and/or plan homicide. We come up with the idea as a possible answer to our problem position (threat to ourselves, our mate or our resources) and include a range of thought processes regarding killer and victim (degree of relatedness, relative status, gender, reproductive values, size and strength of families, allies and resources) and the potential costs of making use of such a high penalty strategy as homicide. If homicide is determined to be the best solution strategy, then it might be functional.[2][9]

By-product hypothesis ("slip up")

According to this hypothesis, homicide is considered to be a mistake or over-reaction. Normal psychological mechanisms for control of property, partner or personal safety may not appear to be sufficient under certain stressful circumstances and abnormal mechanisms develop. Particularly extreme expressions of this may occur leading to homicide where in the normal state the perpetrator would not behave in this manner.[4]

Management

Not much information is available regarding the management of patients with homicidal thoughts. In Western countries, the management of such people lies within the realms of the police force and the health system. It is generally agreed upon that people with homicidal thoughts who are thought to be at high risk of acting them out should be recognized as needing help. They should be brought swiftly to a place where an assessment can be made and any underlying medical or mental disorder should be treated.[12]

References
  1. Thienhaus, Ole J.; Piasecki, Melissa (September 1, 1998). "Emergency Psychiatry : Assessment of Psychiatric Patients' Risk of Violence Toward Others". Psychiatric Services. 49 (9): 1129–1147. doi:10.1176/ps.49.9.1129. PMID 9735952.
  2. Duntley, Joshua D (August 2005). HOMICIDAL IDEATIONS (PDF). PhD Dissertation. University of Texas. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-07-04. Retrieved 2008-04-14.
  3. Stern, Theodore F; Schwartz, Jonathon H; Cremens, M Cornelia; Mulley, Albert G (August 2005). "The evaluation of homicidal patients by psychiatric residents in the emergency room: A pilot study". Psychiatric Quarterly. 62 (4): 333–344. doi:10.1007/BF01958801. PMID 1809982.
  4. Carruthers, Peter; Laurence, Stephen; Stich, Stephen (2005). The Innate Mind: Structure and Contents. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-517967-5.
  5. Brannon, Guy E. (February 2008). "History and Mental Status Examination". Archived from the original on 2008-06-17. Retrieved 2008-04-29.
  6. Asnis, Gregory; Kaplan, Margaret; Hundorfean, Gabriela; Saeed, Waheed (June 1997). "Violence and homicidal behaviors in psychiatric disorders". The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 20 (2): 405–425. doi:10.1016/S0193-953X(05)70320-8. PMID 9196922.
  7. Walsh, Elizabeth; Buchanan, Alec; Fahy, Thomas (2002). "Violence and schizophrenia: examining the evidence". British Journal of Psychiatry. 180 (6): 490–495. doi:10.1192/bjp.180.6.490. PMID 12042226.
  8. Eronen, M; Hakola, P; Tiihonen, J (June 1996). "Mental disorders and homicidal behavior in Finland". Archives of General Psychiatry. 53 (6): 497–501. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1996.01830060039005. PMID 8639032.
  9. Buss, David (2005). The Murderer Next Door. Homicide Studies. 10. Penguin Group. pp. 320–335. doi:10.1177/1088767906292645. ISBN 978-1-59420-043-4.
  10. Stompe, Thomas; Ortwein-Swoboda, Gerhard; Schanda, Hans (January 1, 2004). "Schizophrenia, Delusional Symptoms, and Violence: The Threat/Control-Override Concept Reexamined". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 30 (1): 31–44. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007066. PMID 15176760. Archived from the original on 2009-06-21. Retrieved 2008-04-14.
  11. Thompson, Christopher; Beckson, Mace (September 1, 2004). "A Case of Factitious Homicidal Ideation". Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online. 32 (2): 277–281. Archived from the original on 2008-10-12. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
  12. Kuehn, John; Burton, John (1969). "Management of the College Student with Homicidal Impulses—The "Whitman Syndrome"". American Journal of Psychiatry. 125 (11): 1594–1599. doi:10.1176/ajp.125.11.1594. PMID 5776871.
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