Hippolyte Fizeau

Armand Hippolyte Louis Fizeau FRS FRSE MIF (23 September 1819 – 18 September 1896) was a French physicist, best known for measuring the speed of light in the namesake Fizeau experiment.

Hippolyte Fizeau
Hippolyte Fizeau in 1883 by Eugène Pirou
Born23 September 1819
Paris
Died18 September 1896 (aged 76)
Venteuil
NationalityFrench
Known forDoppler effect
Fizeau–Foucault apparatus
Capacitor
AwardsRumford Medal (1866)
Scientific career
FieldsPhysics

Biography

Fizeau was born in Paris to Louis and Beatrice Fizeau.[1] He married into the de Jussieu botanical family. His earliest work was concerned with improvements in photographic processes.[2] Following suggestions by François Arago, Léon Foucault and Fizeau collaborated in a series of investigations on the interference of light and heat.[3] In 1848, he predicted the redshifting of electromagnetic waves.[4]

In 1849, Fizeau calculated a value for the speed of light to a better precision than the previous value determined by Ole Rømer in 1676. He used a beam of light reflected from a mirror 8 kilometers away. The beam passed through the gaps between teeth of a rapidly rotating wheel. The speed of the wheel was increased until the returning light passed through the next gap and could be seen.

Fizeau calculated the speed of light to be 313,300 kilometres per second (194,700 mi/s), which was within 5% of the correct value (299,792.458 kilometers per second). Fizeau published the first results obtained by his method for determining the speed of light in 1849. (See Fizeau–Foucault apparatus.)[5] Fizeau made the first suggestion in 1864 that the "speed of a light wave be used as a length standard".[6]

Fizeau was involved in the discovery of the Doppler effect,[7] which is known in French as the Doppler–Fizeau effect.

In 1853, Fizeau described the use of the capacitor (sometimes called a "condenser") as a means to increase the efficiency of the induction coil. Later on, he studied the thermal expansion of solids and applied the phenomenon of interference of light to the measurement of the dilatations of crystals. He became a member of the Académie des Sciences in 1860 and a member of the Bureau des Longitudes in 1878. He died at Venteuil on 18 September 1896.[3]

"Fizeau" is one of the 72 names inscribed at the base of Eiffel Tower, and of the 72 scientists and engineers listed on the tower, Fizeau is the only one who was still alive when the tower was opened to the public for the 1889 World's Fair. The crater Fizeau on the far side of the Moon is named after him.[8]

See also

References
  1. Hockey, Thomas (2009). The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. Springer Publishing. ISBN 978-0-387-31022-0. Retrieved August 22, 2012.
  2. Solbert, Oscar N.; Newhall, Beaumont; Card, James g., eds. (May 1952). "Hippolyte-Louis Fizeau (1819–1896)" (PDF). Image, Journal of Photography of George Eastman House. Rochester, N.Y.: International Museum of Photography at George Eastman House Inc. 1 (5): 3–4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2014.
  3.  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Fizeau, Armand Hippolyte Louis". Encyclopædia Britannica. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 452.
  4. Hellemans, Alexander; Bryan Bunch (1988). The Timetables of Science. New York City: Simon and Schuster. pp. 317. ISBN 0-671-62130-0.
  5. Poincaré, H. (1904). "Experiments of MM. Fizeau and Gounelle". Maxwell's Theory and Wireless Telegraphy: Part 1. New York: McGraw Publishing Co. pp. 52–55.
  6. Physics part 1 Resnick/Halliday p. 5.
  7. Houdas, Y. (April 1991). "Doppler, Buys-Ballot, Fizeau. Historical note on the discovery of the Doppler's effect". Annales de cardiologie et d'angéiologie (in French). 40 (4): 209–13. PMID 2053764.
  8. "Fizeau on Moon". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 21 September 2018.
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