High Force

High Force is a waterfall on the River Tees, near Middleton-in-Teesdale, Teesdale, England.[1] The waterfall is within the North Pennines Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) and the European Geopark. The waterfall lies on the historic county boundary between the North Riding of Yorkshire on the south bank, and County Durham on the north bank (however, since the local government reforms of 1974, the south bank of the Tees in Teesdale has also been included within County Durham for administrative purposes).

High Force
High Force
LocationMiddleton-in-Teesdale, County Durham, England
Coordinates54°39′1″N 2°11′15″W
TypeCurtain
Total height21 m

The whole of the River Tees plunges 70 feet (21 m)[2] over a precipice (an almost vertical cliff edge) in two stages. After heavy rainfall the river will also flow over the usually dry right hand side channel, creating two falls. Very occasionally the river level will be high enough to flow over the central section of rock; the last recorded time this happened was in December 2015 after Storm Desmond. In harsh winters the falls have been known to freeze, creating cathedral-like ice formations.[3]

Access to the northern bank is via a private footpath on the Raby estate for which a fee is charged. The southern bank can be reached free of charge via the Pennine Way public footpath which crosses the Moor House-Upper Teesdale National Nature Reserve.

Geology
A view including the now rarely seen second fall on the right
Storm conditions in 1968

High Force was formed where the River Tees crosses the Whin Sill – a hard layer of igneous rock (also seen at Hadrian's Wall and other locations). The waterfall itself consists of three different types of rock. The upper band is made up of whinstone, or dolerite, a hard igneous rock which the waterfall takes a lot of time to erode. The lower section is made up of Carboniferous Limestone, a softer rock which is more easily worn away by the waterfall. Between these two layers is a thinner layer of Carboniferous sandstone, which was baked hard when the Whin Sill was molten 295 million years ago. The wearing away of rock means that the waterfall is slowly moving upstream, leaving a narrow, deep gorge in front of it. The length of the gorge is currently about 700 metres. The bedload (rocks that the river is carrying) is mainly composed of large boulders, which are rolled along the river bed. Upstream of the waterfall, the river is narrow; downstream, it widens and meanders.

Relative height

Despite popular belief that it is the highest waterfall in England,[4] at 71 feet (22 m), others have a longer fall: Cautley Spout, in Cumbria's Howgill Fells, is almost 590 feet (180 m) high, and Hardraw Force, in North Yorkshire, has an unbroken drop of 98 feet (30 m). Underground, on the flanks of Ingleborough, Fell Beck falls an unbroken 315 feet (96 m) down the Jib Tunnel of Gaping Gill Hole. However, High Force does have the largest volume of water falling over an unbroken drop when in full spate, thereby earning its Nordic name "High Fosse".

Stock footage of the waterfalls was featured in the film Mackenna's Gold. Although the story of the film is supposed to occur in the American Southwest, stock footage of High Force was used.[5]

Notable visitors

The painter J. M. W. Turner arrived at High Force at 10:00 a.m. on 3 August 1816 to sketch the scene. He then travelled upstream to Cauldron Snout and eventually made his way to Dufton, across the fells, in inclement weather.[6]

Arthur Young came with his wife on horseback from Durham in 1771 and made the following comment:[7]

The whole river (no trifling one) divided by one rock into two vast torrents pours down a perpendicular precipice of near fourscore feet: The deluging force of the water throws up such a foam and misty rain, that the sun never shines without a large and brilliant rainbow appearing... After preaching at Cuthberton and in Teesdale, I went a little out of my way, to see one of the wonders of nature. The river Tees rushes down between two rocks, and falls sixty feet perpendicular into a basin of water sixty feet deep ...

References
  1. "High Force, Low Force and the River Tees from Bowlees". Walking Britain. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
  2. http://www.bbc.co.uk/england/sevenwonders/north/north_pennines/02.shtml
  3. Jackson, Michael (1979). Exploring England. Collins. p. 102. ISBN 9780831757731.
  4. Wainwright, Alfred (1985). Wainwright on the Pennine Way. p. 114. ISBN 9780718124298.
  5. "IMDb - Filming Locations for Mackenna's Gold movie". IMDb. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
  6. Dixon, Christine (2008). Turner to Monet: The Triumph of Landscape Painting. National Gallery of Australia. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-64-254163-5.
  7. Myers, Alan (1995). Myers' Literary Guide: The North East. Mid Northumberland Arts Group. p. 94. ISBN 9781857541991.
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