Heteronotia binoei

Heteronotia binoei
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Squamata
Family:	Gekkonidae
Genus:	Heteronotia
Species:	H. binoei
Binomial name
	Heteronotia binoei; (Gray, 1845)
Synonyms[2]
	Heteronota [sic] binoei ; Gray, 1845; Gymnodactylus binoei ; — A.H.A. Duméril, 1856; Heteronota [sic] binoei ; — Günther, 1875; Heteronotia binoei ; — Worrell, 1963;

Heteronotia binoei, also known as the prickly gecko or Bynoe's gecko, is a species of lizard in the family Gekkonidae. The species is endemic to Australia. One of Australia's least habitat-specific geckos, it occurs naturally across much of the country, and has also established in areas where it does not occur naturally, such as urban Perth, Western Australia. It is dark brown to reddish brown, depending on the colour of the ground upon which it lives. There are irregular light bands with dark edges along its back.[3]

For the genus called prickly geckos, see Heteronotia

For the species called Bynoe's prickly gecko, see Heteronotia planiceps

It is one of a small number of vertebrate species that are known to reproduce by parthenogenesis.[4]

Etymology

The specific name, binoei, is in honour of British naturalist Benjamin Bynoe (1804-1865), who was a naval surgeon aboard HMS Beagle with Charles Darwin.[5]

Description

The Bynoe's gecko is a slender, long-tailed species which may grow to a total length (including tail) of 11–12 cm (4.3–4.7 in). It is covered with small scales which appear to be rough, but are soft to touch.[6] It has slim toes which end with strong claws, but unlike many other gecko species, it does not have expandable toe pads. It has a large head and large eyes, lacking eyelids but being covered with transparent scales.[7] To keep its eyes clean, it wipes dirt and dust from the lenses with its tongue. The body is covered with small spine like ridges which run down the length of the back, referred to in the alternative common name "prickly gecko".[7] Colours include yellow, cream, beige, black, and white, with most carrying at least two of these colours. Stripes, speckles, spots, or blotches may cover the gecko.[6] It usually has an indication of a dark temporal streak and another dark streak along the canthus rostralis. The lips are whitish and usually lightly fleckled with a darkish brown.[8]

Like many species of geckos, a wide array of calls can be made with its well-developed vocal chords.[7]

Geographic range

The Bynoe's gecko is found in all mainland Australia's states, except the Australian Capital Territory. It is endemic to Australia, but is not found in humid parts of the southeast and southwest.[7] It also inhabits many islands off the west coast and has large populations on Barrow Island.[9]

Habitat

The Bynoe's gecko occurs in many habitats throughout Australia. It is most commonly found in woodlands, grasslands, and disturbed habitats, all being open and dry.[7] It can also be found in tropical rainforests, central deserts, and coastal sand dunes.[6] As it is a terrestrial species, it takes shelter under all types of ground cover including leaves, logs, stumps, stones, termite mounds, loose bark at the base of trees, and animal burrows. It has been found to shelter under man made habitat.[7] Furthermore, the Bynoe's gecko is often the most abundant reptile found in many arid areas in Australia.[10]

Reproduction

In Australia, the Bynoe's gecko has been found to be in ideal breeding condition between July and September. Sexual maturity is reached in 1 to 3 years and females lay 2 eggs over the months of September to January. Eggs are soft-shelled when laid, but become hardened and brittle when exposed to the air. These eggs are usually deposited under rocks, inside animal burrows, or inside logs. Each female only produces 1 clutch per year.[7] Females on Barrow Island reproduce by parthenogenesis, a form of asexual reproduction where the growth and development of the embryo occurs without fertilisation by a male.[9]

Diet

The Bynoe's gecko is mainly active at night. It leaves its shelter and hunts various invertebrates including moths and grasshoppers throughout the night. It hunts among leaf litter or in bare open spaces and will occasionally climb trees or within rocks to source food.[7]

Predators and threats

Like many other geckos, the Bynoe's gecko has many predators. It is able to flee rapidly and quickly when disturbed but is likely to still be vulnerable to attack by a range of other predators including larger lizards.[7]

References

Ellis, R. & Moritz, C. 2017. Heteronotia binoei. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T56796470A56796541. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T56796470A56796541.en. Downloaded on 24 June 2018.
"Heteronotia binoei ". The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.
Bush, Brian; Maryan, Brad; Browne-Cooper, Robert; Robinson, David (2000). A Guide to the Reptiles and Frogs of the Perth region. Melbourne: UWA Publishing. 226 pp. ISBN 978-1-875560-42-4.
Moritz C (1991). "The origin and evolution of parthenogenesis in Heteronotia binoei (Gekkonidae): Evidence for recent and localized origins of widespread clones". Genetics. 129 (1): 211–219. PMC 1204568. PMID 1682211.
Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. (Heteronotia binoei, p. 45).
Bynoe's Gecko Archived 2017-07-08 at the Wayback Machine. Pilbarapythons.com. Retrieved on 2013-10-26.
Bynoe's gecko videos, photos and facts – Heteronotia binoei Archived 2013-10-29 at the Wayback Machine. ARKive. Retrieved on 2013-10-26.
Cogger, Harold (1996). Reptiles and Amphibians of Australia. Sixth Revised edition. Melbourne: Reed Books Australia. 788 pp. ISBN 073010088X. (Heteronotia binoei, p. 247).
Moro, Dorian; MacAulay, Isobel (2010). A Guide to the Reptiles and Amphibians of Barrow Island Archived 2013-10-29 at the Wayback Machine. Perth: Chevron Australia Pty. Ltd. 72 pp. ISBN 978-0-9871120-2-6.
Wilson, Steve; Swan, Gerry (2006). A Complete Guide to Reptiles of Australia, Second Edition. Sydney: New Holland Publishers. 512 pp. ISBN 978-1877069468.