Hearing Voices Movement

The Hearing Voices Movement (HVM) is the name used by organizations and individuals advocating the "hearing voices approach",[1] an alternative way of understanding the experience of those people who "hear voices". In the medical professional literature, ‘voices’ are most often referred to as auditory verbal hallucinations. The movement uses the term ‘hearing voices’, which it feels is a more accurate and 'user-friendly' term.

The movement was instigated by Marius Romme, Sandra Escher and Patsy Hage[2] in 1987. It challenges the notion that to hear voices is necessarily a characteristic of mental illness.[3][4][5] Instead it regards hearing voices as a meaningful and understandable, although unusual, human variation.[6][7] It therefore rejects the stigma and pathologisation of hearing voices and advocates human rights, social justice and support for people who hear voices that is empowering and recovery focused.[8][9][10] The movement thus challenges the medical model of mental illness, specifically the validity of the schizophrenia construct.[11]

History and tenets

The international Hearing Voices Movement is a prominent mental health service-user/survivor movement that promotes the needs and perspectives of experts by experience in the phenomenon of hearing voices (auditory verbal hallucinations). The main tenet of the Hearing Voices Movement is the notion that hearing voices is a meaningful human experience.[12]

The Hearing Voices Movement regards itself and is regarded by others as being a post-psychiatric organisation.[13][14][15] It positions itself outside of the mental health world in recognition that voices are an aspect of human difference, rather than a mental health problem. One of the main issues of concern for the Hearing Voices Movement is empowerment[16] and human rights as outlined in its Melbourne Hearing Voices Declaration 2013[17] and Thessaloniki Declaration 2014.[18]

The Hearing Voices Movement also seeks holistic health solutions to problematic and overwhelming voices that cause mental distress. Based on their research,[19] the movement espouses that many people successfully live with their voices. In themselves voices are not seen as the problem. Rather it is the relationship the person has with their voices that is regarded as the main issue.[8][20] Research indicates that mindfulness-based interventions can be beneficial for people distressed by hearing voices.[21][22][23]

The Hearing Voices Movement has developed interventions for mental health practitioners to support people who hear voices and are overwhelmed by the experience.[24][25][26][27][28]

Position

The position of the hearing voices movement can be summarised as follows:[19][29]

  • Hearing voices is not in itself a sign of mental illness.
  • Hearing voices is part of the diversity of being a human, it is a faculty that is common (3-10% of the population will hear a voice or voices in their lifetime) and significant.
  • Hearing voices is experienced by many people who do not have symptoms that would lead to diagnosis of mental illness.
  • Hearing voices is often related to problems in life history.
  • If hearing voices causes distress, the person who hears the voices can learn strategies to cope with the experience.
  • Coping is often achieved by confronting the past problems that lie behind the experience.

Theoretical overview

The work of Romme, Escher and other researchers[4][10][30][31][32][33] provides a theoretical framework for the movement. They find that:

  1. Not everyone who hears voices becomes a patient. Over a third of 400 voice hearers in the Netherlands they studied had not had any contact with psychiatric services. These people either described themselves as being able to cope with their voices and/or described their voices as life enhancing.[34]
  2. Demographic (epidemiological) research carried out over the last 120 years provides evidence that there are people who hear voices in the general population (2%-6%) who are not necessarily troubled by them[35][36][37][38][39]). Only a small minority fulfill the criteria for a psychiatric diagnosis and, of those, only a few seek psychiatric aid[40] indicating that hearing voices in itself is not necessarily a symptom of an illness.[41] Even more (about 8%) have peculiar delusions and do so without being ill.
  3. People who cope well with their voices and those who did not, show clear differences in terms of the nature of the relationship they had with their voices.[42]
  4. People who live well with their voice experience use different strategies to manage their voices than those voice hearers who are overwhelmed by them.[19][43]
  5. 70% of voice hearers reported that their voices had begun after a severe traumatic or intensely emotional event[44][45][46][47][48][49] such as an accident, divorce or bereavement, sexual or physical abuse, love affairs, or pregnancy.[50] Romme and colleagues found that the onset of voice hearing amongst a patient group was preceded by either a traumatic event or an event that activated the memory of an earlier trauma.[51][52]
  6. Specifically, there is a high correlation between voice hearing and abuse.[53] These findings are being substantiated further in on-going studies with voice hearing amongst children.[48][54]
  7. Some people who hear voices have a deep need to construct a personal understanding for their experiences and to talk to others about it without being designated as mad.[55]

Romme, colleagues and other researchers find that people who hear voices can be helped using methods such as voice dialoguing[56] cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT)[57] and self-help methods.[58]

Romme theorizes a three phase model of recovery:[29]

  • Startling – Initial confusion; emotional chaos, fear, helplessness and psychological turmoil.
  • Organization – The need to find meaning, arrive at some understanding and acceptance. The development of ways of coping and accommodating voices in everyday living. This task may take months or years and is marked by the attempt to enter into active negotiation with the voice(s).
  • Stabilisation – The establishment of equilibrium, and accommodation, with the voice(s), and the consequent re-empowerment of the person.

Alternative to medical model of disability

The Hearing Voices Movement disavows the medical model of disability and disapproves of the practises of mental health services through much of the Western World, such as treatment solely with medication.[59] For example, some service users have reported negative experiences of mental health services because they are discouraged from talking about their voices as these are seen solely as symptoms of psychiatric illness.[60][61][62][63][64] Slade and Bentall conclude that the failure to attend to hallucinatory experiences and/or have the opportunity for dialogue about them is likely to have the effect of helping to maintain them.[65]

In Voices of Reason, Voices of Insanity, Leudar and Thomas review nearly 3,000 years of voice-hearing history.[66] They argue that the Western World has moved the experience of hearing voices from a socially valued context to a pathologised and denigrated one. Foucault has argued that this process can generally arise when a minority perspective is at odds with dominant social norms and beliefs.[67]

Organisation

The Hearing Voices Movement[68] was established in 1987 by Romme and Escher, both from the Netherlands, with the formation of Stichting Weerklank (Foundation Resonance), a peer led support organisation for people who hear voices. In 1988, the Hearing Voices Network was established in England with the active support of Romme.[69] Since then, networks have been established in 35 countries.[70]

INTERVOICE (The International Network for Training, Education and Research into Hearing Voices) is the organisation that provides coordination and support to the Hearing Voices Movement. It is supported by people who hear voices, relatives, friends and mental health professionals including therapists, social workers, nurses, psychiatrists and psychologists.

INTERVOICE was formed in 1997, at a meeting of voice hearers, family members and mental health workers was held in Maastricht, Netherlands to consider how to organise internationally further research and work about the subject of voice hearing. The meeting decided to create a formal organizational structure to provide administrative and coordinating support to the wide variety of initiatives in the different involved countries.

The organisation is structured as a network and was incorporated in 2007 as a non-profit company and charity under UK law. It operates under the name of International Hearing Voices Projects Ltd. The president is Marius Romme and the governing body is made up of people who hear voices and mental health practitioners.[71]

Activities

Hearing Voices Groups

Hearing Voices Groups are based on an ethos of self-help, mutual respect and empathy. They provide a safe space for people to share their experiences and to support one another. They are peer support groups, involving social support and belonging, not necessarily therapy or treatment. Groups offer an opportunity for people to accept and live with their experiences in a way that helps them regain some power over their lives. There are hundreds of hearing voices groups and networks across the world.[72] In 2014 there were more than 180 groups in the UK. These include groups for young people, people in prison, women and people from Black and Minority Ethnic communities.[73][74][75][76][77][78]

World Hearing Voices Congress

INTERVOICE hosts the annual World Hearing Voices Congress. In 2015 the 7th Congress was held in Madrid, Spain, the 2016 Congress will be held in Paris, France. Previous conferences have been held in Maastricht, Netherlands, (2009); Nottingham, England (2010), Savona, Italy (2011), Cardiff, Wales (2012); Melbourne, Australia (2013); Thessaloniki, Greece (2014); Madrid, Spain (2015).

Annual World Hearing Voices Day

This is held on 14 September and celebrates hearing voices as part of the diversity of human experience, It seeks to increase awareness of the fact that you can hear voices and be healthy. It also challenges the negative attitudes towards people who hear voices and the assumption that hearing voices, in itself, is a sign of mental illness.

Website and social media platforms

INTERVOICE maintains several forums on Twitter, Facebook and other social media platforms.

Research committee

INTERVOICE has an international research committee, that commissions research, encourages and supports exchanges and visits between member countries, the translation and publication of books and other literature on the subject of hearing voices and other related extraordinary experiences.[79]

Impact

Appearances in media
  • Hearing Voices, Horizon Documentary, BBC, UK (1995) [80]
  • Angels and Demons directed by Sonya Pemberton, f2003; produced by ABC Commercial, in Enough Rope, Episode 162[81]
  • The Doctor Who Hears Voices, Channel 4, UK [82]
  • The voices in my head TED2013, Filmed February 2013 [83]

Hearing Voices Network Cymru (Wales) maintains a media archive of articles and news items about hearing voices for the last seven years.[84]

A study investigating media reports of the experience of hearing voices found that 84% of the articles in the study contained no suggestion that voice-hearing can be ‘normal’. Half of those that did, put voice-hearing in a religious or spiritual context, for example considering the case of Joan of Arc. Most of the articles (81.8%) connected voice-hearing to mental illness. In some cases, auditory verbal hallucinations were simply equated with insanity.[85]

Criticism of the Hearing Voices Movement

The Hearing Voices Movement has been criticised for its stance on medication and schizophrenia and for promoting non-medical and non-evidence-based approaches to severe mental illnesses in articles by Susan Inman from the Huffington Post, such as "People Who Hear Voices Need Science-Based Advice" in 2013,[86] and "What You're not Hearing About the Hearing Voices Movement" in 2015.[87]

Specific criticisms of the hearing voices approach include:

  • using ideas that don't support science-based ways of understanding illness
  • undermines people's trust in medical help that might be crucial to their wellbeing
  • encourages people to focus on their voices when they may be having a hard time differentiating between what's real and what's not real
  • doesn't recognize the very different needs of people with severe mental illnesses
  • by failing to differentiate between the needs of people who actually have psychotic disorders and those who don't, HVM poses serious risks
  • poses real danger for the substantial number of people who lack insight into their psychotic disorder
  • people struggling with psychotic symptoms shouldn't be advised to emphasize the meaning of auditory hallucinations

Publications
  • Blackman, Lisa (2001). Hearing voices: embodiment and experience. London New York: Free Association Books. ISBN 9781853435331.
  • Coleman, Ron; Smith, Mike (2005) [1997]. Working with voices: victim to victor. Newton-le-Willows, Merseyside: Handsell. ISBN 9780954810344.
  • Downs, Julie, ed. (2001). Starting and supporting voices groups: a guide to setting up and running support groups for people who hear voices, see visions or experience tactile or other sensations. Manchester, England: Hearing Voices Network.
  • Downs, Julie, ed. (2001). Coping with voices and visions: a guide to helping people who experience hearing voices, seeing visions, tactile or other sensations. Manchester England: Hearing Voices Network.
  • James, Adam (2001). Raising our voices: an account of the hearing voices movement. Handsell Publishing. ISBN 9781903199138.
  • Jaynes, Julian (1976). The origin of consciousness and the breakdown of the bicameral mind. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 9780395207291.
  • Leudar, Ivan; Thomas, Philip (2000). Voices of reason, voices of insanity: studies of verbal hallucinations. London New York: Psychology Press. ISBN 9780415147866.
  • Longden, Eleanor (2013). Learning from the voices in my head. Cambridge: TED Books.
  • McCarthy-Jones, Simon (2012). Hearing voices: the histories, causes, and meanings of auditory verbal hallucinations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139017534.
  • Romme, Marius A.J. (2011). "Accepting and making sense of voices: a recovery-focused therapy plan". In Romme, Marius A.J.; Escher, Sandra D. (eds.). Psychosis as a personal crisis: an experience based approach. Hove, East Sussex New York, New York: Routledge for The International Society for the Psychological Treatments of the Schizophrenias and other pychoses (ISPS). pp. 153–165. ISBN 9780415673303.
  • Romme, Marius A.J.; Escher, Sandra D. (1992). Accepting voices. London: Mind Publications. ISBN 9781874690139.
  • Romme, Marius A.J. (1996). Understanding voices: coping with auditory hallucinations and confusing realities. Runcorn, Cheshire: Handsell Publications. ISBN 9789072551092.
Also published by Rijksuniversiteit Maastricht in the Netherlands.
  • Romme, Marius A.J.; Escher, Sandra D. (2000). Making sense of voices: the mental health professional's guide to working with voice-hearers. London: Mind Publications. ISBN 9781874690863.
  • Romme, Marius A.J.; Escher, Sandra D. (2010). Children hearing voices: what you need to know andwhat you can do. Ross-on-Wye, Herefordshire, UK: Pccs Books. ISBN 9781906254353.
  • Romme, Marius A.J.; Escher, Sandra D. (2011). Psychosis as a personal crisis: an experience based approach. Hove, East Sussex New York, New York: Routledge for The International Society for the Psychological Treatments of the Schizophrenias and other pychoses (ISPS). pp. 129–139. ISBN 9780415673303.
  • Romme, Marius A.J.; Escher, Sandra D.; Dillon, Jacqui; Corstens, Dirk; Morris, Mervyn (2009). Living with voices: 50 stories of recovery. Herefordshire: PCCS Books in association with Birmingham City University. ISBN 9781906254223.
  • Stephens, G. Lynn; Graham, George (2000). When self-consciousness breaks: alien voices and inserted thoughts. Philosophical Pychopathology Series. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. ISBN 9780262194372.
  • Watkins, John (2008) [1998]. Hearing voices: a common human experience. Melbourne, Victoria: Michelle Anderson Publishing. ISBN 9780855723903.

See also

References
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Further reading

Press

Articles
Also Ensink, Bernardine J. (1992). "Trauma: a study of child abuse and hallucinations". In Romme, Marius A.J.; Escher, Sandra D. (eds.). Accepting voices. London: Mind Publications. ISBN 9781874690139.
  • Slade, Peter D. (1994). "Models of hallucination: from theory to practice". In David, Anthony S.; Cutting, John C. (eds.). The neuropsychology of schizophrenia. Brain, Behaviour and Cognition Series. Hove, UK Hillsdale, USA: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. pp. 245–254. ISBN 9780863773037.
  • Slade, Peter D.; Bentall, Richard P. (1988). Sensory deception: towards a scientific analysis of hallucinations. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 9780801837609.
  • Tarrier, Nicholas; Harwood, Susan; Yusupoff, Lawrence; Beckett, Richard; Baker, Amanda (October 1990). "Coping Strategy Enhancement (CSE): a method of treating residual schizophrenic symptoms". Behavioural Psychotherapy. 18 (4): 283–293. doi:10.1017/S0141347300010387.
  • Tiihonen, Jari; Hari, Riitta; Naukkarinen, Hannu; Rimón, Ranan; Jousmäki, Veikko; Kajola, Matti (February 1992). "Modified activity of the human auditory cortex during auditory hallucinations". American Journal of Psychiatry. 149 (2): 255–257. doi:10.1176/ajp.149.2.255. PMID 1734750.
  • Yusopoff, Lawrence; Tarrier, Nicholas (1996). "Coping strategy enhancement for persistent hallucinations and delusions". In Haddock, Gillian; Slade, P.D. (eds.). Cognitive, behavioural interventions with psychotic disorders. London: Routledge. pp. 86–103. ISBN 9780415102902.

Voice Hearing Prevalence

Voice Hearing and Life Events

Working With Voices

Hearing Voices Groups

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