Hawkwood, London

Hawkwood is a 25-acre estate in North Chingford, London Borough of Waltham Forest, North East London, England. It is about nine miles from central London, in the fertile Lea Valley on the western edge of Epping Forest. In the 19th century it formed the grounds of a large Elizabethan-style Victorian mansion, seat of Richard Hodgson, lord of Chingford St. Pauls.[1] The mansion became derelict after bomb damage in 1944[2] and was demolished in 1951.[3] Part of the site is now a nature reserve, a special school has been built on another part, and a large part of the site is being used by OrganicLea, a workers' cooperative growing and selling food and providing horticultural training.[4]

For other uses, see Hawkwood (disambiguation).

History

The Hawkwood estate is named after the area of Epping Forest called "Hawk Wood" on the 1896 Ordnance Survey map[5] whose name derives from "Chyngeforde(s)halke" (1323), later "Chyngford Hauke" (1501),[6] meaning remote corner[7] of Chingford, since it is situated on the north-western parish boundary. In 1498, William Jacson of Chingford Halke owned land around Hawkwood, and was a member of the Swainmote Court.[8] Hawkwood was part of the Chingford St. Pauls Manor estate, so called because it had been held by the Dean and Chapter of St Paul's Cathedral for 500 years; in 1544, Henry VIII acquired the manors of Chingford Earls and Chingford St. Paul's with the intention of expanding the deer park he had created in Chingford between 1540 and 1543. However, Henry died in 1547 and the deer park was discontinued in 1553.[9]

In 1832, Rev. T. Snell, Lord of the manor of Chingford St. Pauls lived in Hawkwood, but the location of his house is not known.[8] He died in 1843[10] and the Manor estate was put up for sale.

Richard Hodgson

Richard Hodgson (1804–1872) bought Hawkwood in 1844, together with the manorial rights,[10] part of Chingford Plain and some land at Chingford Green, for £2900.[8] Hodgson had retired from being the leading partner in the publishing company Hodgson & Graves in 1841 to work on scientific pursuits, including daguerrotypy, microscopy and astronomy.[11]

During the late 1840s, he established the Hawkwood estate,[2] constructing the Manor house to a design by Vulliamy,[8] as well as the bailiff's cottage, stables, coach house and other outbuildings.[12] The house was built in red brick with stone dressings and had a Gothic entrance hall, drawing room, dining room, library opening into a handsome conservatory, domestic offices,[12] and billiard room.[8] There were eight bedrooms and dressing rooms as well as day and night nurseries.[13] The basement stored coal, wines and beer.[8] In separate buildings there was a coach house and brick-built stables for four horses,[13] as well as a cow house and piggeries.[12] The elevated site afforded fine views over the valley[14] and a long carriage drive led to the road.[13] A ring of bricks in the ground near the site of the house indicates that the water supply was initially from a well.[15] The bailiff's cottage, now known as Hawkwood Lodge, had a sitting room, kitchen, scullery, wash-house and four bedrooms[8] as well as two acres of pasture.[12] The cottage survives and now has Listed Building status;[2][16] the London Borough of Waltham Forest converted it into a Field Study Centre in 1981.[8]

In 1848 Hodgson was elected a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society and built an observatory in Claybury, Essex in 1852.[11] He later moved the 6-inch refractor to an observatory he built in the grounds of Hawkwood,[11] a short distance west of the house.[5]

Hodgson moved with his family to Hawkwood during the 1860s. At the time of the 1861 census, they lived in Grove End House, St. John's Wood, London: Hodgson, his wife Jane (née Cooke), son Richard (1830–1880) who was a civil engineer, daughter Margaret Anne (1840–1912) and three servants. However, the 1871 census shows Hodgson and his wife and daughter as resident in Hawkwood House, together with four servants.

Hodgson died on 4 May 1872[11] and the estate, described in probate records as "Effects under £30,000",[17] passed to his widow Jane, who died in 1880.[1] Jane's will left her estate to her daughter Margaret but made provision for her grandchildren through the sale of land around the house, Hodgson's scientific equipment and the farm.[8] The house and estate were advertised for sale in May 1880,[12] and a number of items were sold at auction in 1883, including a drawing room suite upholstered in amber silk, a carved oak dining room suite covered in blue Morocco leather, a Hopkinson cottage piano, a full-sized billiard table by Burroughes & Watts and many other high quality items.[18]

Sidney Cooper

Sidney Cooper (1841–1913), a retired tea merchant,[19] bought the house, lodge and piggeries in 1886 for £6250.[8] The Great Eastern Railway rail service between Chingford and central London[14] had opened in 1873, and the current railway station, only about a mile from Hawkwood, had opened in 1878.[20]

Cooper was a member of the Essex Field Club and a well-known entomologist.[8] At the 1891 census, he was 50 years old and lived "on his own means" at Hawkwood with his wife Emily (1839–1924), two sons Sidney H. and Harold who were stockbrokers' clerks, and three daughters Alice, Edith and Helen.[21] They had a lady's maid, a housemaid, a parlour maid and a cook.[10] Hawkwood Lodge was occupied by the coachman George Cuff with his wife and daughter.[21] Cooper's elder son Sidney H. Cooper died at Hawkwood at the age of 21 from tetanus on 1 May 1891; this followed a knee injury on 18th April when he came off his bicycle while riding down nearby King's Head Hill.[22]

In 1898, Cooper purchased part of a nearby farm, an area that later became a housing estate in the 1930s.[8]

Sidney Cooper died in Calais on 5 March 1913,[23] leaving an estate valued over £125,783.[17] Hawkwood remained in the family[1] until it was advertised for sale with vacant possession in October 1921[24] and was sold at auction for £3500[25] to Adolphus Herman Louis of Beaulieu.[8] In 1924, when Cooper's widow Emily died, Hawkwood was sold to G. C. Nokes of Forest Road, Walthamstow for £3,600.[8]

Public ownership

George Nokes and his wife Constance were the last private owners of Hawkwood.[26] George Nokes died in 1933,[8] and in 1937 Mrs. Nokes transferred the outlying farms to the Conservators of Epping Forest and the main Hawkwood estate was sold to Chingford Urban District Council[1] for £7250[8] with a covenant for it to be preserved as an open space and as a memorial to King George V.[27][28]

Chingford County High School

In 1938, Chingford County High School, a coeducational grammar school, was founded. The school used Hawkwood House as temporary premises for the first year. The first intake of 22 boys and 26 girls from the surrounding area started on 15 September, though the official opening was not until 2 November. The school magazine relates how even subjects such as chemistry were taught in the living room of the house.[29]

Then in 1939 at the start of the second world war, the school was evacuated, first to Hockley in Essex, then to Coleford in the west of England where they were able to share a science laboratory with another school.[29] The school returned in 1941 to new buildings in Nevin Drive, Chingford.[1]

Wartime damage and demolition

During World War II the house was damaged during a period when it was requisitioned by the Army.[8] In 1943, Chingford Urban District Council arranged for the house to be connected to mains water and undertook some maintenance of the grounds.[8] However, the house suffered considerable damage when a German V-1 flying bomb, coming from the north east, crashed into Hawkwood at 11:23 p.m. on 21 October 1944. There were no casualties as the house was unoccupied at the time. Property in nearby residential roads Hawkswood Crescent and Epping Glade was also damaged by the blast.[30]

A request was made in 1945 by Chingford Townswomen's Guild and Women's Association that the house should be converted to a maternity hospital.[8] But then in 1949, Hawkwood was sold to Essex County Council[1] for use as a school, an intention that never came into effect.[8] The house remained vandalised, unoccupied, derelict and unsafe until the Council arranged for its demolition by Ernest Knifton Ltd in 1951 for £375. The site remained undeveloped in accordance with Mrs. Nokes's covenant.[28] Then in 1965 Chingford became part of the London Borough of Waltham Forest.[27]

Hawkswood School for the deaf

During the 1960s, an area in the northern part of the estate next to Yardley Lane was fenced off and a purpose-built special school for deaf children was constructed on the site.[28] The William Morris School for the deaf, founded in Walthamstow in 1900, relocated in September 1969 to the new school,[31] and the school went on to provide specialist education for deaf children from west Essex, Redbridge and Waltham Forest for over thirty years.[32]

In September 2004 the school became Hawkswood Primary PRU (Pupil Referral Unit), catering for up to 44 children in the 4–11 age group.[33] Their focus is for pupils in Key Stage 3 and Key Stage 4 at the delicate and fragile end of the mental health spectrum, including those with depression, psychosis, anorexia and self-harm.[34] The Ofsted inspection 2015 rated the school as "Outstanding" in all respects.[35]

Hawkwood Pond and nature reserve

Near the western edge of the estate, an ornamental garden had been constructed around a pond in the grounds of the house.[3] This subsequently became publicly accessible under the 1937 covenant, and remained so until 1979, when Waltham Forest Council fenced it off.[28] Widespread objections ensued from many quarters: members of the Friends of Epping Forest, conservators, Waltham Forest Civic Society, the Drysdale & District Residents Association, Members of Parliament, and Lord Murray of Epping Forest. Eventually the 'Open Space' status of Hawkwood was confirmed, with reference to the minutes of the 1937 council meeting which were held in the Vestry House Museum, and public access was restored. Authorisation was given to create a voluntary organisation called "The Friends of Hawkwood Nature Reserve" as caretakers of the pond and surrounding area.[27]

Hawkwood Plant Nursery

Waltham Forest Council also used twelve acres of the estate in 1979 to set up Hawkwood Plant Nursery (its full title was Hawkwood Nursery for Plants and People),[36] for the propagation and cultivation of plants for local authority planting around the borough.[28] They constructed greenhouses covering a substantial area. Over twenty years later, in 2007, the council vacated the site for financial reasons.[4]

OrganicLea

OrganicLea Community Growers, a workers' co-operative, started in 2001, aiming to produce food locally using organic and permaculture principles.[4] Organiclea Limited was incorporated as a Private Limited Company in 2004.[37]

They started with an acre of derelict allotment land near Hawkwood, working with volunteers in exchange for a share of the harvest.[4] This developed into a local food hub, selling organically grown produce from the allotment and from other small-scale organic farmers. The work expanded with a grant from the Big Lottery’s Making Local Food Work programme, enabling them to establish the Hornbeam Café plus a weekly box scheme and a Cropshare programme,[4] with their mission statement being to "produce and distribute food and plants locally, and inspire and support others to do the same … bring people together to take action towards a more just and sustainable society."[38]

After the closure of Hawkwood Plant Nursery in 2007, OrganicLea negotiated to use the site and facilities, and in 2010 they signed a ten-year lease to use the twelve acres, including the greenhouses.[4] This has allowed significant expansion and has also increased the diversity of activities, which now include not only the production and selling of organic fruit and vegetables, but also training and education,[39] support for community gardening,[40] and working with local schools.[41]

See also
  • Friday Hill House, historical manor house in the adjoining manor estate in Chingford
  • Lea Valley, in which Hawkwood is located
  • Pole Hill, within Epping Forest, just above Hawkwood, with fine views over London

References
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  2. "Hawkwood Lodge and Richard Hodgson plaque in London". Blue Plaque Places. Retrieved 2019-05-08.
  3. "Hawkwood Nature Reserve - Waltham Forest Friends of Parks". friendsofparkswf.com. Retrieved 2019-05-26.
  4. "Our History – OrganicLea – A workers' cooperative growing food on London's edge in the Lea Valley". organiclea.org.uk. Retrieved 2019-06-09.
  5. "Explore georeferenced maps - Map images - National Library of Scotland". maps.nls.uk. Retrieved 2019-05-11.
  6. Anthony David Mills (2001). A Dictionary of London Place Names. Oxford University Press. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-19-956678-5.
  7. Francis Henry Stratmann; Henry Bradley (1891). A Middle-English Dictionary: Containing Words Used by English Writers from the Twelfth to the Fifteenth Century. Clarendon Press. p. 321. – "halke" is an Old English word meaning "corner"
  8. "Hawkwood House" (PDF). Newsletter. Chingford Historical Society. 20: 5–7. 2020. Retrieved 2020-07-05.
  9. Nicholas Hagger (3 May 2012). A View of Epping Forest. John Hunt Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84694-587-8.
  10. Leonard Davis (2008). Chingford in 1891. Chingford Historical Society.
  11. "Obituary: Richard Hodgson". MNRAS. 33: 199. February 1873. Bibcode:1873MNRAS..33..190.. doi:10.1093/mnras/33.4.189a.
  12. Weatherall and Green (5 May 1880). "Weatherall and Green will sell by auction … the desirable freehold family mansion known as Hawkwood …". Sales by Auction. The Times (29873). London. p. 16.
  13. "Chingford, Essex, on the verge of Epping Forest. – By order of the Mortgagee". Advertisement. The Times (31125). London. 5 May 1884. p. 20.
  14. "Chingford, Essex, on the forest. – A delightful Freehold Residential Estate, standing within its beautifully timbered park-like lands of about 25 acres". Advertisement. The Times (30231). London. 27 June 1881. p. 20.
  15. Septimus Barry (1975). Chingford's Water Supply. Chingford Historical Society.
  16. R. Presswell (28 November 2012). "Waltham Forest – Revised Local List" (PDF). Retrieved 2019-05-18.
  17. England & Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1995
  18. "Sale of nearly new high-class Furniture, removed from Chingford under a writ of elegit". Advertisement. The Times (30884). London. 28 July 1883. p. 15.
  19. The National Archives of the UK (TNA); Kew, Surrey, England; Census Returns of England and Wales, 1881; Class: RG11; Piece: 1733; Folio: 33; Page: 60; GSU roll: 1341417
  20. Lindsay Collier (2015). Waltham Forest through time – Chingford. Amberley Publishing. ISBN 9781445647913.
  21. The National Archives of the UK (TNA); Kew, Surrey, England; Census Returns of England and Wales, 1891; Class: RG12; Piece: 1361; Folio: 39; Page: 14; GSU roll: 6096471
  22. "Fatal Cycling Accident". The Middlesex Gazette. 9 May 1891. p. 7.
  23. "Deaths". Announcements. The Times (40155). London. 10 March 1913. p. 1.
  24. "By direction of Trustees under the Will of the late Sidney Cooper, Esq". Advertising. The Times (42840). London. 1 October 1921. p. 18.
  25. "The Estate Market – Results of Auction Sales". Advertising. The Times (42849). London. 12 October 1921. p. 12.
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  27. Peter Read (2009). "Hawkwood: a brief history of time" (PDF). Friends of Epping Forest Newsletter: 7. Retrieved 2019-05-08.
  28. Ron Clayton (11 November 2006). "FofEF Autumn 2002.p65" (PDF). Retrieved 2019-05-05.
  29. "Miss D. E. Nokes" (PDF). The Echo. The Chingford County High School. 7 (1): 10. December 1944. Retrieved 2019-06-15.
  30. S. Warburton (July 1946). Chingford at War, 1939–1945. Chingford Borough Council. p. 136.
  31. "Deaf Schools – UCL UCL Ear Institute & Action on Hearing Loss Libraries". blogs.ucl.ac.uk. Retrieved 2019-06-16.
  32. Lisa Bingham (2002-10-17). "Hidden treasures – East London and West Essex Guardian Series". guardian-series.co.uk. Retrieved 2019-06-16.
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  34. "Hawkswood – Waltham Forest Directory". directory.walthamforest.gov.uk. Retrieved 2019-07-07.
  35. "Inspection report: Hawkswood Primary Pupil Referral Unit, 11–12 June 2015". Office for Standards in Education, Children's Services and Skills (Ofsted). Retrieved 2019-07-07.
  36. "Springs and Spirals – Hawkwood Nursery in Chingford, OrganicLea's growing site". organiclea.wordpress.com. Retrieved 2019-06-18.
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