Harzia acremonioides

Harzia acremonioides is a species of seed-borne fungus that occurs in the soil.[8][9] It has been categorized in the Ceratostomataceae family and under the genus Harzia.[10] The genus Harzia contains three accepted species: H. acremonioides, H. verrucose Hol-Jech, and H. velatea Hol-Jech.[8] Within the genus Harzia, H. acremonioides is one of the most common species that can be found in all climate regions around the world.[8]

Harzia acremonioides
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Sordariomycetes
Order: Melanosporales
Family: Ceratostomataceae
Genus: Harzia
Species:
H. acremonioides
Binomial name
Harzia acremonioides
Les Mucédinées Simples: 42 (1888)[1]
Synonyms
  • Acremoniella atra Sylloge Fungorum 4: 302 (1886)[2][3]
  • Monosporium acremonioides Linig. Hyph.: 17 (1872) [1871][3][4]
  • Monopodium uredopsisDelacr., Bulletin de la Société Mycologique de France 6 (1): 99 (1890)[3][5]
  • Eidamia acremonioides Rabenhorst's Kryptogamen-Flora, Pilze - Fungi imperfecti 1(8): 124 (1904)[3][6][7]

History and taxonomy

The species was first named as Acremonium atrum in 1837 by Corda.[11] Then in 1871, Harz named it Monosporium acremonioides.[12] In 1886, the species got its well-known name Acremoniella atra (Corda) Sacc..[2][3] However, Holubová-Jechová pointed out the fact that "atrum" frequently refers to a black fungus, which is not the species look like, so the legitimate name of the species was later replaced by Harzia acremoniodies (Harz) which was given by Costantin in 1888.[1][4][8] The species was named Monopodium uredopsis by Delacroix in 1890,[3][5] and again in 1904, it was named as Eidamia acremonioides by Lindau, and she put the species under a new genus named Eidamia, but the legitimate name of the species remains unchanged.[7][13]

Growth and morphology

The genus Harzia consists of a hyaline mycelium, a brown thick-walled blastoconidia, and hyaline conidiophores.[8] As of a member of the genus Harzia, the spores of H. acremonioides are large, one-celled, cinnamon brown or golden brown, ovoid to sugblobose, thick-walled, usually smooth-walled, but sometimes with a slight wrinkling or the exposure, and they tend to vary in size.[8][14]

H. acremonioides are produced asexually, at 20 °C on MEA, its colonies can reach about 3.3 cm diam in about just five days, and 20-30 x 15-20 um, almost smooth-walled obovoid conidia are produced.[8]

Growths of H. acremonioides can be obtained on potato mush agar, potato glucose agar, potato extract agar, and rice;[14] slightly growth can be obtained in solutions of sucrose and maltose and a synthetic nutrient agar.[14] The growth of H. acremonioides on rice is colored brown,[14] and when growing the species on potato mush agar at 20 °C, firmly growth of mycelium was obtained producing megaspores.[14]

Physiology

For H. acremonioides, the production of the conidia and the color of the macrospore are affected by temperature.[9] At 20 °C, optimum growth in all the culture media employed can be obtained, numerous conidia and brown megaspores were formed;[14] at 30 °C, very little growth are obtained, no conidia were observed, and the majority of the megaspores were hyaline;[14] and when grow the species on synthetic nutrient agar, no growth occurred at 25 or 30 °C.[14]

In addition to temperature, the presence of other fungi may also have decided effects on the growth of H. acremonioides.[9] When H. acremonioides is isolated from seeds, the fungus is always associated with another fungus named Alternaria tenuis auct.. With the presence of Alternaria tenuis auct., H. acremonioides grows rapidly, producing abundant spores and mycelium, and when grow H. acremonioides in pure culture, it grows much slowly and produces less mycelium and fewer spores[9]

Habitat and ecology

H. acremonioides is classified as a plant-pathogenic fungus,[15] however, it does not appear to be of serious pathological significance.[9]

Generally, the species has been regarded as a type of Saprotroph.[9] It can directly acquire nutrients from wild plants and cultivated plants includes Pteridium aquilinum, beet, alfalfa, Pteridium aquilinum, Heracleum sphondylium, Scrophularia nodosa, Urtica sp. Rumex acetosella ryegrass and Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium.[8]

H. acremonioides has been found widely distributed on various substrata. It has been reported from peat bogs in Ireland soil in the Netherlands, Germany, Canada, the United States, the British Isle, Australia, Papua, Mozambique, Sierra Leone, Rhodesia and Kenya, carst caves in the USSR and Yugoslavia, coniferous forests in Japan and Hungary, whereas the main recorded substrates are the seeds of different plants that are often found in association with Alternaria alternata.[8] The species has been isolated from seeds from the Netherlands, Denmark, British Columbia, and Ontario.,[9] and a variety of seeds that associated with the species includes Allium cepa L. (onion), Beta vulgaris L. (beet), Daucus carota L. var. sat'iaa DC. (carrot), clover, peas, wheat, grass, cotton, radish, timothy and sorghum.[8][9] It has also been isolated from rotting stems and leaves of clover, radish, Betula alba, tomato, beans, corn, Salsola kali, graminaceous plants.[8]

Mycoparasitism

According to Urbasch’s research in 1986, H. acremonioides can act as a biotrophic parasite to parasitizes the species Stemphylium botryosum with lobed, contact cells that work as appressoria are being utilized, which can cause little damages to the species.[16] However, H. acremonioides can still grow without host fungi.[16]

Besides the ability to parasite the species Stemphylium botryosum, H. acremonioides can also invade the sclerotia of some species which ends up with a drastic reduction in the number of viable sclerotia.[17] In order to control H. acremonioides, pycnidial dust can be used as a seed dressing to protect the seeds.[17]

References
  1. Costantin, J. (1888). Les Mucédinées Simples. Paris: Paul Klincksieck. pp. 1–209.
  2. Saccardo, P.A. (1886). "Sylloge Hyphomycetum". Sylloge Fungorum. 4: 1–807.
  3. Schultes, Neil P.; Murtishi, Besnik; Li, De-Wei (October 2017). "Phylogenetic relationships of Chlamydomyces, Harzia, Olpitrichum, and their sexual allies, Melanospora and Sphaerodes". Fungal Biology. 121 (10): 890–904. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2017.07.004. PMID 28889913.
  4. "Harzia acremonioides". www.mycobank.org.
  5. Delacroix, E.G. (1890). "Quelques espèces nouvelles de champignons inférieurs observées au Laboratoire de Pathologie Végétale". Bulletin de la Société Mycologique de France. 6 (1): 99–100.
  6. Holubová-Jechová, Věra (September 1974). "The correct generic and specific name for "Acremoniella atra"". Folia Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica. 9 (3): 315–316. doi:10.1007/BF02853152. S2CID 35692619.
  7. Lindau, G. (1904). Rabenhorst's Kryptogamen-Flora, Pilze - Fungi imperfecti (2 ed.). Kummer, Leipzig. pp. 1–176.
  8. Domsch, K.H.; Gams, Walter; Andersen, Traute-Heidi (1980). Compendium of Soil Fungi (2nd ed.). London, UK: Academic Press. ISBN 9780122204029.
  9. Groves, J. W.; Skolko, A. J. (October 1944). "Notes on Seed-Borne Fungi: Ii. Alternaria". Canadian Journal of Research. 22c (5): 217–234. doi:10.1139/cjr44c-018.
  10. "Harzia acremonioides". www.uniprot.org.
  11. "Acremonium atrum". www.mycobank.org.
  12. "Monosporium acremonioides". www.mycobank.org.
  13. Hotson, John William (1912). "Culture Studies of Fungi Producing Bulbils and Similar Propagative Bodies". Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. 48 (8): 227–306. doi:10.2307/20022828. JSTOR 20022828.
  14. HORNE, A. S.; WILLIAMSON, H. S. (1923). "The Morphology and Physiology of the Genus Eidamia". Annals of Botany. 37 (147): 393–432. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a089856. ISSN 0305-7364. JSTOR 43236904.
  15. Goes, P. C. E. M. de Rooij-van der (1995). "The Role of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes and Soil-Borne Fungi in the Decline of Ammophila arenaria (L.) Link". The New Phytologist. 129 (4): 661–669. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1995.tb03035.x. ISSN 0028-646X. JSTOR 2558441.
  16. Mueller, Greg M.; Bills, Gerald F.; Foster, Mercedes S. (2004). Biodiversity of Fungi: Inventory and Monitoring Methods. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-509551-8.
  17. Cole, Garry T. (2012). Biology of Conidial Fungi. Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-323-13899-4.
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