Habemus papam

Habemus papam ('We have a pope') is the announcement traditionally given by the Protodeacon of the College of Cardinals (the senior cardinal deacon in the College) or by the senior cardinal deacon participating in the papal conclave, in Latin, upon the election of a new pope of the Catholic Church.[1]

"We Have a Pope" redirects here. For the film, see We Have a Pope (film).
The announcement of the election of Pope Martin V at the Council of Constance

The announcement is made from the central balcony (loggia) of St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican, overlooking St. Peter's Square. After the announcement, the new pope is presented to the people and he gives his first Urbi et Orbi blessing.

Format

The format for the announcement when a cardinal is elected pope is:[lower-alpha 1][2]

Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum;
habemus Papam:

Eminentissimum ac Reverendissimum Dominum,
Dominum [first name]
Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae Cardinalem [surname]
qui sibi nomen imposuit [papal name].

In English, it can be translated as:

I announce to you a great joy;
we have a pope:

The most eminent and most reverend lord,
Lord [first name]
Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church [surname]
who has taken the name [papal name].

In the Habemus papam announcement given by Cardinal Jorge Arturo Medina Estévez on April 19, 2005, upon the election of Pope Benedict XVI, the announcement was preceded by an identical greeting in several languages, respectively, Italian, Spanish, French, German and English:[3][4]

Fratelli e sorelle carissimi,
Queridísimos hermanos y hermanas,
Bien chers frères et sœurs,
Liebe Brüder und Schwestern,
Dear brothers and sisters.

History

The text of the announcement is partly inspired by the Gospel of Luke (2:10–11), which records the words of the angel announcing to the shepherds the birth of the Messiah:

"Fear not; for, behold, I bring thee good tidings of great joy, that shall be to all the people: For unto thee is born, this day, in the city of David a Saviour, which is Christ the Lord."

Note that, in the Vulgate (the Latin translation of the Bible by St. Jerome), the words used are "Evangelizo vobis gaudium magnum", while the word "annuntio" was used in previous translations.

The adoption of this formula is dated from the election of Odo Colonna as Pope Martin V (1417), who was chosen as the new pope by the cardinals and representatives from different countries at the Council of Constance. In this context, prior to Martin V, there were three claimants to the papal throne: Antipope John XXIII (who had called for the council, and appointed most of the cardinal electors), Antipope Benedict XIII (the only one to have been named cardinal before the outbreak of the Western Schism) and Pope Gregory XII. The first two were deposed by the Council itself, and Gregory XII abdicated after formally convoking the already convened council and authorizing its acts including the act of electing his successor. Two years after the first two contenders were deposed[lower-alpha 2] and the resignation of the third, the council elected the new pope. The announcement, therefore, could be interpreted as: "(Finally) we have a pope (and only one!)".[5]

The adoption of the Habemus papam formula took place prior to 1484, the year in which it was used to announce the election of Giovanni Battista Cybo, who took the name of Innocent VIII.

Announcement

In announcing the name of the newly elected pontiff, the new pontiff's birth first name is announced in Latin in the accusative case (e.g. Carolum,[6][7] Iosephum,[3][4] Georgium Marium[8][9]), but the new pontiff's surname is announced in the undeclined form (e.g. Wojtyła,[6][7] Ratzinger,[3][4] Bergoglio[8][9]). The new papal name has usually been given in the genitive case in Latin, corresponding to the translation "who takes the name of ..." (e.g. Ioannis vigesimi tertii,[10] Ioannis Pauli primi[11]), although it can also be declined in the accusative case, corresponding to the translation "who takes the name ...", as was the case in 1963 and in 2013, when Pope Paul VI's and Pope Francis's regnal names were announced as Paulum sextum[12][13] and Franciscum,[8][9] respectively. In the situation where the name is declined in the genitive, the name is considered as a complement of the noun "nomen" while in the instance where the name is declined in the accusative, it is considered as an apposition of the direct object complement nomen in the accusative. Both forms are equally correct. According to certain Latin grammarians though, like Nicola Fiocchini, Piera Guidotti Bacci and the Maiorum Lingua Manual, the accusative is the more correct form.[14]

During the announcement of Pope Paul VI's election, protodeacon Alfredo Ottaviani used the conjunction et (which also means "and") instead of ac, the word usually used for "and" within the formula (he said Eminentissimum et reverendissimum instead of Eminentissimum ac reverendissimum).[12][13]

During the announcement of Pope Benedict XVI's election, his regnal name was declined by Cardinal Medina in the genitive case (he said Benedicti decimi sexti),[3][4] but in the Holy See website, the page announcing his election with a copy of the Habemus Papam formula has Benedict's regnal name declined in the accusative case (i.e., Benedictum XVI)[15]

If a papal name is used for the first time, the announcement may or may not use the numeral the first. In John Paul I's election, the numeral primi (the first) was used (Cardinal Pericle Felici announced the papal name as Ioannis Pauli primi)[11] but in Pope Francis' election, no numeral was uttered (Cardinal Jean-Louis Tauran simply gave the papal name as Franciscum).[9]

The numeral in the papal name if it exists can be omitted if the new regnal name is the same as the one used by the immediate predecessor, as was the case in October 1978, when Pope John Paul II's regnal name was announced simply as Ioannis Pauli without the numeral,[6][7] since his immediate predecessor was Pope John Paul I. It also happened in 1939, when Pope Pius XII's regnal name, following his election, was announced simply as Pium[16][17][18] since his immediate predecessor was Pope Pius XI. In the announcement of Pope Pius XII's election, his regnal name was declined in the accusative,[16][17][18] like the later announcements for Paul VI's[12][13] and Francis's elections.[8][9]

Actual examples

The following are examples of how the names were announced as noted on existing videos and recordings. The case and inclusion or exclusion of numeral for the papal names are noted.

Birth nameFirst name
(accusative)		Surname
(undeclined)		Papal namePapal name
(as announced in Latin)		Latin declension
of papal name		Numeral
in papal name		Ref.
Eugenio PacelliEugeniumPacelliPius XIIPiumaccusativenot given[16][17][18]
Angelo Giuseppe RoncalliAngelum IosephumRoncalliJohn XXIIIIoannis vigesimi tertiigenitivegiven[10]
Giovanni Battista MontiniIoannem BaptistamMontiniPaul VIPaulum sextumaccusativegiven[12][13]
Albino LucianiAlbinumLucianiJohn Paul IIoannis Pauli primigenitivegiven[11]
Karol WojtyłaCarolumWojtyłaJohn Paul IIIoannis Pauligenitivenot given[6][7]
Joseph RatzingerIosephumRatzingerBenedict XVIBenedicti decimi sextigenitivegiven[3][4]
Jorge Mario BergoglioGeorgium MariumBergoglioFrancisFranciscumaccusativenone[8][9]

Evolution of the formula

From the beginning, the Habemus papam did not follow a strict formula, but varied in considerable form for many years. The table shows selected announcements given since the 1484 papal conclave.

Date Protodeacon or senior cardinal deacon Pope elected Announcement Translation
August 29, 1484 Francesco Piccolomini Giovanni Battista Cibo – elected Innocent VIII Annuncio vobis gaudium magnum: Papam habemus. Reverendissimus Dominus cardinalis Melfictensis electus est in summum pontificem et elegit sibi nomen Innocentium Octavum.[19] I announce to you a great joy: we have a pope. The most reverend lord cardinal[, the bishop] of Molfetta has been elected as supreme pontiff, and has chosen for himself the name Innocent VIII.
November 1, 1503 Raffaele Sansoni Riario Giuliano della Rovere – elected Julius II Papam habemus Reverendissimum Dominum Cardinalem Sancti Petri ad Vincula, qui vocatur Julius Secundus.[20] We have a pope, the most reverend lord, cardinal [priest] of San Pietro in Vincoli, who is called Julius II.
March 11, 1513 Alessandro Farnese Giovanni de Medici – elected Leo X
Note: Cardinal protodeacon at time of election		 Gaudium magnum nuntio vobis! Papam habemus, Reverendissimum Dominum Johannem de Medicis, Diaconum Cardinalem Sanctae Mariae in Domenica, qui vocatur Leo Decimus.[21] A great joy I announce to you! We have a pope, the most reverend lord Giovanni de' Medici, cardinal deacon of Santa Maria in Domnica, who is called Leo X.
October 13, 1534 Innocenzo Cibo Alessandro Farnese – elected Paul III Annuncio vobis gaudium magnum: Papam habemus Reverendissimum Dominum Alexandrum Episcopum Hostiensem, Cardinalem de Farnesio nuncupatum, qui imposuit sibi nomen Paulus Tertius.[22] I announce to you a great joy: we have a pope, the most reverend lord Alexander, designated bishop of Ostia and Cardinal Farnese, who takes to himself the name Paul III.
September 15, 1644 Francesco Barberini Giovanni Battista Pamphili – elected Innocent X Annuncio vobis gaudium magnum, habemus Papam Eminentissimum et Reverendissimum Dominum Johannem Baptistum Pamphilium, qui sibi nomen imposuit Innocentium Decimum.[23] I announce to you a great joy, we have a pope, the most eminent and reverend lord Giovanni Battista Pamphili, who takes to himself the name Innocent X.
April 7, 1655 Giangiacomo Teodoro Trivulzio Fabio Chigi – elected Alexander VII Annuncio vobis gaudium magnum: Papam habemus Eminentissimum et Reverendissimum Dominum Fabium Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae Presbyterum Cardinalem Chisium, qui elegit sibi nomen Alexandrum Septimum.[24] I announce to you a great joy: we have a pope, the most eminent and most reverend lord Fabio, cardinal priest of the Holy Roman Church Chigi, who chooses for himself the name Alexander VII.
September 21, 1676 Francesco Maidalchini Benedetto Odeschalchi – elected Innocent XI Annuncio vobis gaudium magnum: Papam habemus Reverendissimum Benedictum Titulo Sancti Honufrii Cardinalem Odeschalcum, qui sibi nomen imposuit Innocentium Undecimum.[25] I announce to you a great joy: we have a pope, the most reverend lord Benedetto, cardinal [priest] of the title of Sant'Onofrio, Odescalchi, who takes to himself the name Innocent XI.
May 8, 1721 Benedetto Pamphili Michelangelo Conti – elected Innocent XIII Annuncio vobis gaudium magnii: Papam habemus. Eminentissimum et Reverendissimum Dominum Michaelem Angelum Tituli Sanctorum Quirici et Iulitta Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae Presbyterum Cardinalem de Comitibus, qui sibi nomen imposuit Innocentius Tertius Decimus.[26] I announce to you a great joy: we have a pope, the most eminent and reverend lord Michelangelo, cardinal priest of the Holy Roman Church of the title of Santi Quirico e Giulitta, Conti, who takes to himself the name Innocent XIII.
May 29, 1724 Benedetto Pamphili Vincenzo Maria Orsini – elected Pope Benedict XIII Annuncio vobis gaudium magnum: Papam habemus: Eminentissimum et Reverendissimum Dominum Fratrem Vincentium Mariam Cardinalem Ursinum Episcopum Portuensem, qui sibi nomen imposuit Benedictus Tertius Decimus.[27] I announce to you a great joy: we have a pope: the most eminent and reverend lord brother Vincenzo Maria Cardinal Orsini, Bishop of Porto, who takes to himself the name Benedict XIII.
February 15, 1775 Alessandro Albani Giovanni Angelo Braschi – elected Pope Pius VI Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum: Papam habemus! Eminentissimum et reverendissimum Dominum Ioannem Angelum, tituli Sancti Onuphrii Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae Presbyterum Cardinalem Braschi, qui sibi nomen imposuit Pius Sextus.[28] I announce to you a great joy: we have a pope! The most eminent and reverend lord Giovanni Angelo, cardinal priest of the Holy Roman Church of the title of Sant'Onofrio, Braschi, who takes to himself the name Pius VI.
September 28, 1823 Fabrizio Ruffo Annibale Della Genga – elected Pope Leo XII Annuncio vobis gaudium magnum: papam habemus, eminentissimum ac reverendissimum Dominum Annibalem, tituli Sanctae Mariae Transtiberim, presbyterum Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae cardinalem Della Genga, qui sibi imposuit nomen Leo Duodecimus.[29] I announce to you a great joy: we have a pope, the most eminent and reverend lord Annibale, cardinal priest of the Holy Roman Church of the title of Santa Maria in Trastevere, Della Genga, who takes to himself the name Leo XII.
February 2, 1831 Giuseppe Albani Mauro Cappellari – elected Pope Gregory XVI Annuncio vobis gaudium magnum: Papam habemus! Eminentissimum ac reverendissimum Dominum Maurum Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae Presbyterum tituli sancti Calysti Cardinalem Cappellari, qui sibi nomen imposuit Gregorium Sextum Decimum.[30] I announce to you a great joy: we have a pope! The most eminent and reverend lord Mauro, cardinal priest of the Holy Roman Church of the title of San Callisto, Cappellari, who takes to himself the name Gregory XVI.
June 16, 1846 Tommaso Riario Sforza Giovanni Maria Mastai Ferretti – elected Pope Pius IX Annuncio vobis gaudium magnum: Papam habemus! Eminentissimum et Reverendissimum Dominum Ioannem Mariam Mastai Ferretti, Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae Presbyterum Cardinalem, qui sibi nomen imposuit Pius Nonus.[31] I announce to you a great joy: we have a pope! The most eminent and reverend lord Giovanni Maria Mastai Ferretti, cardinal priest of the Holy Roman Church, who takes to himself the name Pius IX.
March 2, 1939 Camillo Caccia Dominioni Eugenio Pacelli – elected Pope Pius XII Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum; habemus papam: Eminentissimum ac reverendissimum Dominum, Dominum Eugenium Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae cardinalem Pacelli, qui sibi nomen imposuit Pium.[16][17][18] I announce to you a great joy; we have a pope: the most eminent and reverend lord, Lord Eugenio, cardinal of the Holy Roman Church, Pacelli, who takes to himself the name Pius.
October 28, 1958 Nicola Canali Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli – elected Pope John XXIII Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum; habemus papam: Eminentissimum ac reverendissimum Dominum, Dominum Angelum Iosephum Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae cardinalem Roncalli, qui sibi nomen imposuit Ioannis Vigesimi Tertii.[10] I announce to you a great joy; we have a pope: the most eminent and reverend lord, Lord Angelo Giuseppe, cardinal of the Holy Roman Church, Roncalli, who takes to himself the name John XXIII.
June 21, 1963 Alfredo Ottaviani Giovanni Battista Montini – elected Pope Paul VI Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum; habemus papam: Eminentissimum et reverendissimum Dominum, Dominum Ioannem Baptistam Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae cardinalem Montini, qui sibi nomen imposuit Paulum Sextum.[12] I announce to you a great joy; we have a pope: the most eminent and reverend lord, Lord Giovanni Battista, cardinal of the Holy Roman Church, Montini, who takes to himself the name Paul VI.
August 26, 1978 Pericle Felici Albino Luciani – elected Pope John Paul I Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum; habemus papam: Eminentissimum ac reverendissimum Dominum, Dominum Albinum Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae cardinalem Luciani, qui sibi nomen imposuit Ioannis Pauli Primi.[11] I announce to you a great joy; we have a pope: the most eminent and reverend lord, Lord Albino, cardinal of the Holy Roman Church, Luciani, who takes to himself the name John Paul I.
October 16, 1978 Karol Wojtyła – elected Pope John Paul II Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum; habemus papam: Eminentissimum ac reverendissimum Dominum, Dominum Carolum Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae cardinalem Wojtyła, qui sibi nomen imposuit Ioannis Pauli.[6] I announce to you a great joy; we have a pope: the most eminent and reverend lord, Lord Karol, Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church, Wojtyła, who takes to himself the name John Paul.
April 19, 2005 Jorge Arturo Medina Estévez Joseph Ratzinger – elected Pope Benedict XVI Fratelli e sorelle carissimi!
¡Queridísimos hermanos y hermanas!
Biens chers frères et sœurs!
Liebe Brüder und Schwestern!
Dear brothers and sisters!
Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum; habemus papam: Eminentissimum ac reverendissimum Dominum, Dominum Iosephum Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae cardinalem Ratzinger, qui sibi nomen imposuit Benedicti Decimi Sexti.[4]		 (“Dear brothers and sisters” in Italian, Spanish, French, German, and English:) I announce to you a great joy; we have a pope: the most eminent and reverend lord, Lord Joseph, Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church, Ratzinger, who takes to himself the name Benedict XVI.
March 13, 2013 Jean-Louis Tauran Jorge Mario Bergoglio – elected Pope Francis Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum; habemus papam: Eminentissimum ac reverendissimum Dominum, Dominum Georgium Marium Sanctæ Romanæ Ecclesiæ Cardinalem Bergoglio, qui sibi nomen imposuit Franciscum.[9] I announce to you a great joy; we have a pope: the most eminent and reverend lord, Lord Jorge Mario, Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church, Bergoglio, who takes to himself the name Francis.

List of cardinals who have given the announcement
CardinalPopeYear
15th century
Francesco PiccolominiPope Innocent VIII1484
Pope Alexander VI1492
16th century
Raffaele RiarioPope Pius III1503
Pope Julius II
Alessandro FarnesePope Leo X1513
Marco CornaroPope Hadrian VI1522
Pope Clement VII1523
Innocenzo CiboPope Paul III1534
Pope Julius III1550
Francesco PisaniPope Marcellus II1555
Pope Paul IV
Alessandro FarnesePope Pius IV1559
Giulio Feltre della RoverePope Pius V1566
Girolamo SimoncelliPope Gregory XIII1572
Luigi d'EstePope Sixtus V1585
Francesco Sforza di Santa FioraPope Urban VII1590
Andreas von ÖsterreichPope Gregory XIV1590
Pope Innocent IX1591
Pope Clement VIII1592
17th century
Francesco Sforza di Santa FioraPope Leo XI1605
Pope Paul V
Andrea Baroni Peretti MontaltoPope Gregory XV1621
Alessandro d'EstePope Urban VIII1623
Francesco BarberiniPope Innocent X1644
Giangiacomo Teodoro TrivulzioPope Alexander VII1655
Rinaldo d'EstePope Clement IX1667
Francesco MaidalchiniPope Clement X1670
Pope Innocent XI1676
Pope Alexander VIII1689
Urbano SacchettiPope Innocent XII1691
18th century
Benedetto PamphiljPope Clement XI1700
Pope Innocent XIII1721
Pope Benedict XIII1724
Lorenzo AltieriPope Clement XII1730
Carlo Maria MariniPope Benedict XIV1740
Alessandro AlbaniPope Clement XIII1758
Pope Clement XIV1769
Pope Pius VI1775
19th century
Antonio Doria PamphiliPope Pius VII1800
Fabrizio RuffoPope Leo XII1823
Giuseppe AlbaniPope Pius VIII1829
Pope Gregory XVI1831
Tommaso Riario SforzaPope Pius IX1846
Prospero Caterini[lower-alpha 3]Pope Leo XIII1878
20th century
Luigi MacchiPope Pius X1903
Francesco Salesio Della VolpePope Benedict XV1914
Gaetano BisletiPope Pius XI1922
Camillo Caccia DominioniPope Pius XII1939
Nicola CanaliPope John XXIII1958
Alfredo OttavianiPope Paul VI1963
Pericle FeliciPope John Paul I1978
Pope John Paul II
21st century
Jorge Arturo Medina EstévezPope Benedict XVI2005
Jean-Louis TauranPope Francis2013

Notes
  1. While every pope after Urban VI (r. 1378–1389) has been a cardinal, this is not a strict requirement; the conclave is capable of electing any Catholic male, even a layman.
  2. Jesuit professor Norman Tanner claims that Antipope John XXIII actually resigned but under pressure.[5]
  3. Richard Henry Clarke's book about Leo XIII claims that Prospero Caterini made the announcement[32] and Salvador Miranda's entry on Cardinal Caterini at The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church website mentions Caterini as having given the announcement[33] but Francis Burkle-Young claims that Caterini started to make the announcement but was incapable of completing the formula and was ultimately assisted in delivering the news by Bartolomeo Grassi-Landi, a non-cardinal and the conclavist of Cardinal Luigi Oreglia di Santo Stefano[34]

References
  1. Pope John Paul II (February 22, 1996). "Universi Dominici Gregis" (Apostolic constitution). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. Archived from the original on August 26, 2018. Retrieved February 23, 2019 – via the Holy See.
  2. "L'annuncio dell'elezione del Papa" [Announcement of the election of the Pope]. Sala Stampa della Santa Sede. 13 March 2013. Archived from the original on 4 October 2014. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
  3. NBC News Coverage of the Election of Pope Benedict XVI YouTube. Accessed February 2, 2013
  4. 19 Aprile 2005 – Elezione di Papa Benedetto XVI YouTube. Accessed March 16, 2013
  5. "Origins of the 'Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum: habemus papam". News.va Official Vatican Network – Vatican Radio. March 21, 2013. Retrieved June 7, 2014.
  6. RAIStoria Elezione Giovanni Paolo II. YouTube. Accessed on March 16, 2012.
  7. Announcement of John Paul II becoming Pope October 1978 . YouTube. Accessed on March 16, 2012.
  8. https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/francesco/elezione/index_en.htm Holy See website on Francis' election. Retrieved March 13, 2013.
  9. Habemus Papam, Franciscus. YouTube. Retrieved March 16, 2013.
  10. Election of Pope John XXIII. YouTube. Accessed March 24, 2013
  11. John Paul I Election and First Blessing. YouTube. Accessed on March 16, 2012.
  12. Elezione Papa Paolo VI (1963) . YouTube. Accessed on December 22, 2012.
  13. Un'opera che continua Edizione straordinaria. YouTube. Accessed on March 16, 2012.
  14. Nicola Flocchini, Piera Guidotti Bacci, Marco Moscio, Maiorum Lingua Manuale, Bompiani per la scuola, Milano 2007, p. 309.
  15. https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/elezione/index_en.htm Holy See website on Benedict XVI's election. Retrieved February 2, 2013.
  16. Habemus Papam – Pope Pius XII. YouTube. Accessed on December 21, 2012.
  17. Habemus Papam! – Pope Pio XII. YouTube. Accessed on March 17, 2013.
  18. Habemus Papam Pope Pius XII. YouTube. Accessed on October 10, 2013
  19. L. Thuasne (red.), Johannis Burchardi Argentinensis Diarium sive Rerum Urbanum commentarii, Vol. I, Paris 1883, pp. 62–63.
  20. Giovanni Battista Gattico, Acta Selecta Caremonialia Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae. Tomus I, Rome 1753, p. 309.
  21. Herbert Vaughan, The Medici popes : Leo X and Clement VII, London 1908, p. 108.
  22. Giovanni Battista Gattico, Acta Selecta Caremonialia Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae. Tomus I, Rome 1753, p. 328.
  23. Herman, Eleanor (2009). Królowa Watykanu (in Polish). Warszawa: Wydawnictwo JEDEN ŚWIAT. p. 139. ISBN 978-83-89632-45-6.
  24. Giovanni Battista Gattico, Acta Selecta Caremonialia Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae. Tomus I, Rome 1753, p. 359.
  25. Giovanni Battista Gattico, Acta Selecta Caremonialia Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae. Tomus I, Rome 1753, p. 361.
  26. Relazione della morte ... Clemente XI., Venice 1721, no. 11, pp. 9–10.
  27. Diario ordinario, Rome, Numero 1065 of May 31, 1724, p. 7.
  28. Revue des questions historiques, Paris, tome 7 (1892), p. 451.
  29. Artaud de Montor, Histoire du Pape Léon XII., vol. 1, Paris 1843, p. 79.
  30. Gaetano Moroni, Dizionario Di Erudizione Storico-Ecclesiastica. Vol. XV, Venice 1842, p. 317.
  31. Maurizio Marocco, Storia di papa Pio IX., Torino 1856, p. 158.¸
  32. Richard Henry Clarke (1903). The life of His Holiness Pope Leo XIII ...: together with extracts from his pastorals and encyclicals.
  33. "Caterini, Prospero". Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church.
  34. Francis A. Burkle-Young (2000). Papal Elections in the Age of Transition, 1878–1922. ISBN 9780739101148.
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