Grass River (Manitoba)

The Grass River is a historically important waterway in the Hudson Bay drainage basin in the Northern Region of Manitoba, Canada. It begins at the Cranberry Lakes approximately 27 kilometres (17 mi) east of Cranberry Portage and runs northeast 500 kilometres (310 mi) to its mouth on the Nelson River. The river was a critical route for earlier European explorers and was part of the "Upper Tract" of the fur trade into Canadian interior.

Grass River
Grass River
Location of the mouth of the Grass River in Manitoba
Native nameMuskuskow' Sipi
Location
CountryCanada
ProvinceManitoba
RegionNorthern Region
CityCranberry Portage, Kelsey
Physical characteristics
SourceCranberry Lakes
 • coordinates54°43′16″N 101°0′3″W
 • elevation295 m (968 ft)
MouthNelson River
 • coordinates
56°02′39″N 96°34′22″W
 • elevation
168 m (551 ft)
Length599 km (372 mi)
Basin size15,400 km2 (5,900 sq mi)
Discharge 
 • average100 m3/s (3,500 cu ft/s)
 • minimum10 m3/s (350 cu ft/s)
 • maximum250 m3/s (8,800 cu ft/s)
Basin features
River systemHudson Bay drainage basin
Tributaries 
 • leftIsbister Creek
 • rightMetishto River, Wintering River, Pikwitonei River

Route

The headwaters of the Grass River are in Third Cranberry Lake, approximately 27 kilometres (17 mi) east of Cranberry Portage. It then flows north to Elbow Lake, and turns sharply south to Iskwasum Lake after which it continues easterly to Reed Lake. This portion of the river is within Grass River Provincial Park.[1] After Reed Lake, the river enters Tramping Lake, followed by the Wekusko Falls, Wekusko Lake and eastwards to Setting Lake.[2] The river then passes Sasagiu Rapids Provincial Park, and Pisew Falls Provincial Wayside Park. It then enters Paint Lake and the Paint Lake Provincial Park.[3] Continuing in a northeast direction, the Grass River passes through several remote lakes before its confluence with the Nelson River near Kelsey, Manitoba.[4]

The river runs for 599 kilometres (372 mi), and drains a watershed of 15,400 square kilometres (5,900 sq mi).[5]

Description

The remote river flows through the Churchill River Upland portion of the Midwestern Canadian Shield forests and is surrounded by mixed forest with stands of black spruce, white spruce, jack pine, and trembling aspen. The shoreline is characterized by steeply sloping irregular rock ridges and poorly drained areas of muskeg.[6] Typical of the Canadian Shield, the river runs through rolling hilly terrain with abundant glacially scoured rock outcrops.[7]

Bird species include raven, common loon, spruce grouse, bald eagle and hawk owl. The Grass River area is largely pristine and home to moose, black bear, lynx, wolf, and beaver.[8] There are also migrating herds of woodland caribou along the river's length.[9]

Many portions of the river are not easily accessible, but there is some trapping, hunting, and recreational fishing activity.[10] The Grass River basin contains burbot, lake whitefish, northern pike, sucker, walleye and yellow perch.[10]

History

The Grass River was originally inhabited by the Shield Archaic peoples who migrated from the present-day Northwest Territories 5,000 years ago.[10] The many petrographs located along the river date to this period.[11] Approximately 2,000 years ago, pottery was introduced to the region and the Woodland Cree emerged as the dominant culture in the area .[10] In the 1700s, the river became an important route for Cree hunters travelling to York Factory at Hudson Bay to trade their furs.[11]

The first recorded Europeans to travel the Grass River were the Hudson's Bay Company fur traders and explorers Joseph Smith and Isaac Batt. In 1763, from York Factory they travelled up the Grass River to Cranberry Portage and then over to Lake Athapapuskow and down into the Saskatchewan River system. Smith died on the return journey.[12] In 1774, explorer Samuel Hearne paddled up the Grass River to establish Cumberland House. In the summer of 1794, surveyor and explorer David Thompson travelled up the Grass River for the first of many times in his career mapping the interior of North America.[13] Several fur trading posts were established along the river, most notably at Reed Lake House (1794) and Cranberry Lake (1804).[10] In the early 20th century there was a mining boom, which saw further exploration by prospectors and ultimately several mining operations.[10]

The course of the river was first noted (crudely) in a 1760 map obtained by Moses Norton, the Factor at Churchill Fort from several Indian traders.[14] The name "Grass River" was first documented on Samuel Hearne's map of 1776.[15] In 1876 geologist Robert Bell surveyed the lower portions of the river, but it was not until 1896 when explorer Joseph Tyrell completed the first survey of its entire length.[16] Tyrell recorded that the Cree name for the river was Muskuskow' Sipi, meaning "Grassy River".[17]

Canoe route

The Grass River is a popular wilderness canoe route due to its pristine state, Indigenous rock paintings, scenic waterfalls, and sport fishing.[18] A trip down the full length of the river can take up to three weeks, but most canoeists travel shorter sections such as the Cranberry Portage to Split Lake route.[19] The difficulty rating is intermediate, with moderate portaging and advanced lake travel.[20]

See also

References
  1. "CanMatrix - 63K - Cormorant Lake, Manitoba, Saskatchewan". Natural Resources Canada. July 29, 2008. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
  2. "CanMatrix - 063J - Weskusko Lake, Manitoba". Natural Resources Canada. October 23, 2008. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
  3. "CanMatrix - 063O - Nelson House, Manitoba". Natural Resources Canada. July 21, 2008. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
  4. "CanMatrix - 063P - Sipiwesk, Manitoba". Natural Resources Canada. July 27, 2009. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
  5. "Water Survey of Canada". Archived from the original on 25 July 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2014.
  6. Smith, R.E. (1998). Terrestrial Ecozones, Ecoregions, and Ecodistricts of Manitoba (PDF). Winnipeg, Manitoba: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. p. 88. ISBN 0-662-27446-6.
  7. Grass River Provincial Park Management Plan. Govt of Manitoba, Dept of Natural Resources. Dec 1984.
  8. "Ecoregions of Canada: Churchill River Uplands". Environment Canada. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
  9. "Boreal Woodland Caribou Fact Sheet". Wildlife Branch. Government of Manitoba. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
  10. Grass River Provincial Park Management Plan (PDF). Winnipeg: Dept of Natural Resources. 1984. p. 87. Retrieved 18 July 2014.
  11. "Grass River History". Great Canadian Rivers. Archived from the original on 2014-08-23. Retrieved 17 July 2014.
  12. Cooke, Alan; et al. (May 1971). "Chronological list of expeditions and historical events in northern Canada. IV. 1763–89". Polar Record. doi:10.1017/S0032247400061805. Retrieved July 7, 2014.
  13. Thompson, David (1962). David Thompson's narrative, 1784-1812. The Champlain society. p. xc.
  14. Norton’s, Moses (1760). Draught of the Northern Parts of Hudsons Bay.
  15. Hearne, Samuel (1776). Map of Some of the Principal Lakes, River’s Leading from York Fort to Basquiaw.
  16. Dowling, D.B. (1902). Report on Geological Explorations in Athabaska Saskatchewan and Keewatin Districts. Ottawa: Geological Survey of Canada. pp. 6.
  17. Tyrrell, J.B. (1915). Algonquin Indian Names of Places in Northern Canada. Toronto: University Press. p. 220. Retrieved 17 July 2014.
  18. "Manitoba's Grass River Canoe Expedition". Archived from the original on July 27, 2014. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
  19. "Canoeing a Land of Lakes". Great Canadian Rivers. Archived from the original on 2014-07-24. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
  20. "Grass River - Cranberry Portage to Paint Lake". Retrieved July 15, 2014.
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