Graciela Bográn

Graciela Bográn (19 October 1896 – 2000) was a Honduran teacher, writer and women's rights activist. Engaged in the fight for women's suffrage, she was involved in both the trade union movement and political protests. She was also well-known as the editor of the feminist journal Alma Latina. After women won the right to vote, she was appointed to serve on the cabinet in the Department of Public Education. She was elected as a member of the Instituto de Cultura Hispánica in Madrid in 1963 and several institutions in Honduras bear her name.

Graciela Bográn
Born	Graciela Bográn Rodríguez 19 October 1896 San Nicolás, Santa Bárbara, Honduras
Died	2000 (aged -1–0) San Pedro Sula, Honduras
Nationality	Honduran
Occupation	teacher, writer, women's rights activist

Early life

Graciela Bográn Rodríguez was born on 19 October 1896 in San Nicolás, Santa Bárbara, Honduras[1] to Petrona Rodríguez and Marco Antonio Bográn. The eldest of three siblings, she had a sister, Petrona "Elvira" (born 1904) and a brother, Napoleón (born 1907).[2][3] Her family descended from Romain Beuagrand (Román Bográn), a French colonel from Brittany, who arrived in Honduras in the early 19th century, and through him was related to both presidents Luis Bográn and Francisco Bográn.[4][5][6]

After completing her primary education, Bográn graduated from the Escuela Normal de Señoritas (Ladies Normal School) in 1914 and began working as a teacher.[1][7] In 1916, she married the poet, Rubén Bermúdez Meza and subsequently had three children: Graciela, Rubén and Roberto. When they divorced, she married again with a North American businessman, Alvin M. Barret (also Barrett).[7][8]

Career

In 1932, Bográn founded the magazine, Alma Latina,[9] which became an influential feminist-political and cultural journal throughout Central America.[10][11] At the time, she was opposed to women's suffrage because of the violence associated with voting throughout Central America.[11] Most Honduran women in the 1920s and 1930s, were not supporters of women's enfranchisement as it did not have a historic basis in the Honduran culture, where social and economic subordination were seen more as a class struggle, or simply accepted.[12] This changed in the 1940s, when Bográn and other feminists saw the advantages to voting as a means to bring more democratic governance to the country.[13]

In 1944, Bográn was accused of being a communist by the Honduran government. Because she was working as a labor organizer in the northern part of the country, she was suspected of teaching communist doctrine as an agent for Vicente Lombardo Toledano, a Mexican Marxist labor leader.[14] The United States Ambassador to Honduras, John Draper Erwin, concluded after an investigation, that there was no communist activity in the country and did not classify Bográn, stating "any person who agitates for improved labor conditions is often classified as a communist".[15] That same year, she and Rodolfo Pastor Zelaya, a founder of the Revolutionary Democratic Party of Honduras led a pro-democracy demonstration in San Pedro Sula in protest to the arrests of citizens calling for the ouster of President Tiburcio Carías Andino.[16][17]

The right to vote in Honduras was secured for literate women in 1955[18] and women were able to vote the following year for the first time.[19] Upon the election of President Ramón Villeda Morales, in 1957, Bográn was appointed to his cabinet, as undersecretary of Education.[20] In 1959, she was appointed to serve as the federal Secretary of Public Education.[21] Bográn had continued her work as an educator throughout her life and in 1963, for her service as director of the Instituto Hondureño de Cultura Hispánica (Honduran Institute of Hispanic Culture), she was elected to the Instituto de Cultura Hispánica in Madrid.[22]

Death and legacy

Bográn died in 2000 in San Pedro Sula, Honduras. She is remembered as one of the leading women's rights activists and suffragists of her era.[18][23] Since 1998, the House of Culture in San Nicolás, has borne her name,[24] as do several educational facilities. There is a government preschool, Centro de Educación Pre Básica Graciela Bográn in the La Trinidad neighborhood of San Pedro Sula,[25] and in Tegucigalpa, there is the Colegio Graciela Bogran in the Jardines de Toncontin neighborhood.[26]

Selected works

• Bográn, Graciela (November 1933). "¿Debe o no concederse el sufragio a la mujer hondureña?" [Should the Vote Be Granted or Not to Honduran Woman?]. Alma Latina (in Spanish). 2 (31): 5.[27]
• Ministerio de Cultura, ed. (1956). En Torno a Masferrer (in Spanish). San Salvador, El Salvador: El Salvador Departamento Editorial. hdl:10972/2640. OCLC 3550523. Collection of essays by Graciela Bográn, Quino Caso, Pedro Geoffroy Rivas, et al.[28]
• Bográn, Graciela (1990). Disertaciones. San Pedro Sula, Honduras: Centro Editorial.[29]
• Bográn, Graciela (1996). Escritos, 1932–1984. 1. San Pedro Sula, Honduras: Centro Editorial. OCLC 42019423.[30]
• Bográn, Graciela (1996). Escritos, 1932–1984. 2. Honduras: Herederos de Graciela Bográn. OCLC 948105875.

References

Citations

1. Secretaría de Educación Pública 1996, p. 47.
2. Gómez 1996, p. 78.
3. Bautismos 1904, p. 278.
4. Cortés 2013.
5. Sarmiento 2006, pp. 140–141.
6. Pineda Portillo 2016.
7. González 2013.
8. González 2012.
9. Payne Iglesias 2015, p. 40.
10. Castillo Canelas 2019, p. 51.
11. Holden 2004, p. 34.
12. Villars 2001, pp. 299–300.
13. Villars 2001, pp. 311–312.
14. Leonard 1984, p. 116.
15. Leonard 1984, p. 117.
16. Coleman 2016, p. 183.
17. Euraque 2001, pp. 97–98.
18. El Nuevo Herald 2015.
19. El Heraldo 2014.
20. Espinoza Murra 2019.
21. La Gaceta 1960, p. 1.
22. ABC 1963, p. 42.
23. Proceso Digital 2016.
24. Organización de Estados Iberoamericanos 2020, p. 9.
25. La Tribuna 2019.
26. Tiching 2020.
27. Holden 2004, p. 257.
28. Anderson 1971, p. 45.
29. Muñoz 2003, p. 179.
30. Villars 2001, p. 643.

Bibliography

• Anderson, Thomas P. (1971). Matanza: El Salvador's Communist Revolt of 1932. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-0794-8.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Castillo Canelas, Patricia (2019). "Las revistas como medio de divulgación cultural [Magazines as a Means of Cultural Dissemination]". In Hernández Cañadas, Patricia (ed.). Retazos de la historia: Índice de revistas hondureñas [Challenges of History: Index of Honduran Magazines] (PDF) (in Spanish). 1. Tegucigalpa, Honduras: Departamento de Recursos de Aprendizaje UDI, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras. p. 51. ISBN 978-99979-839-0-9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 January 2020.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Coleman, Kevin (2016). A Camera in the Garden of Eden: The Self-Forging of a Banana Republic. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-1-4773-0856-1.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Cortés, Hector Ramón (May 2013). "La familia Bográn, su origen en Yuscarán" [The Bográn family, its origin in Yuscarán]. Revista Yuscarán Ayer y Hoy (in Spanish). No. 6. Yuscarán, Honduras: Organización de Yuscarán.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Espinoza Murra, Dagoberto (16 June 2019). "Gobernaría con médicos y maestros" [Governing with Doctors and Teachers]. La Tribuna (in Spanish). Tegucigalpa, Honduras. Archived from the original on 28 July 2019. Retrieved 16 January 2020.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Euraque, Darío (2001). El capitalismo de San Pedro Sula y la historia política hondureña (1870–1972). Tegucigalpa, Honduras: Editorial Guaymuras. ISBN 978-99926-15-73-7.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Gómez, Alfredo León (1996). "Perlas de la Historia de la Medicina. El Doctor Napoleón Bográn" [Pearls in the History of Medicine: The Doctor Napoleón Bográn] (PDF). Historia de la medicina hondureña (in Spanish). Tegucigalpa, Honduras: Colegio Médico de Honduras. 64 (2): 78–79. ISSN 0375-1112. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 July 2019. Retrieved 15 January 2020.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• González, José (5 August 2012). "La boda de Ruben Bermudez Meza con Graciela Bogran" [The Marriage of Rubén Bermúdez Meza and Graciela Bográn]. Jose Gonzalez Paredes Blogspot (in Spanish). La Paz, Honduras: José González. Archived from the original on 18 May 2017. Retrieved 16 January 2020. Blog is written by prize-winning poet and author of the Diccionario de literatos hondureños.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• González, José (28 June 2013). "Reencuentro en el 29" [Reunion in 1929]. Cronicas de Honduras (in Spanish). La Paz, Honduras: José González. Archived from the original on 10 September 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2020. Blog is written by prize-winning poet and author of the Diccionario de literatos hondureños.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Holden, Robert H. (2004). Armies without Nations: Public Violence and State Formation in Central America, 1821–1960. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-803651-7.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Leonard, Thomas M. (1984). The United States and Central America, 1944-1949: Perceptions of Political Dynamics. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press. ISBN 0-8173-0190-9.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Muñoz, Willy Oscar (2003). Antología de cuentistas hondureñas [Anthology of Honduran Storytellers] (in Spanish). Tegucigalpa, Honduras: Editorial Guaymuras. ISBN 978-99926-33-05-2.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Payne Iglesias, Elizet (August 2015). "Presentación: Indice de revistas culturales, históricasy académicas en la América Central (Siglos XIX y XXI)" [Presentation: Index of Cultural, Historical and Academic Journals in Central America (19th and 21st Centuries)] (PDF). ciicla.ucr.ac.cr (in Spanish). San Pedro Montes de Oca, Costa Rica: Universidad de Costa Rica. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 January 2020. Retrieved 16 January 2020.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Pineda Portillo, Noé (25 November 2016). "Santa Bárbara con cuatro presidentes parientes" [Santa Bárbara with Four Related Presidents]. La Tribuna (in Spanish). Tegucigalpa, Honduras. Archived from the original on 23 March 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2020.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Sarmiento, José A. (2006). Historia de Olancho 1524–1877 [Olancho History 1524-1877] (in Spanish). Tegucigalpa, Honduras: Editorial Guaymuras. ISBN 978-99926-33-50-2.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Secretaría de Educación Pública (1996). Informe anual de labores de la Secretaría de Educación Pública (in Spanish). Tegucigalpa, Honduras: República de Honduras. OCLC 48061171.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Villars, Rina (2001). Para la casa más que para el mundo: sufragismo y feminismo en la historia de Honduras [For the House More Than for the World: Suffragism and Feminism in the History of Honduras] (in Spanish). Tegucigalpa, Honduras: Editorial Guaymuras. ISBN 978-99926-15-77-5.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• "Bautismos 1904-1915, San Pedro Apóstol: Petrona Elvira Bográn Rodríguez". FamilySearch (in Spanish). Tegucigalpa, Honduras: Arquidiócesis de Tegucigalpa. 11 September 1904. Retrieved 15 January 2020.
• "Colegios: Graciela Bogran". Tiching (in Spanish). Barcelona, Spain: Ediciones Vicens Vives, S.A. 2020. Archived from the original on 17 January 2020. Retrieved 17 January 2020.
• "Decreto Numeró 42" [Decree Number 42] (PDF). La Gaceta (in Spanish). LXXXV (16, 974). Tegucigalpa, Honduras. 11 January 1960. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 January 2020. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
• "Guía de la Administración Cultural Iberoamericana: Honduras" [Guide from the Ibero-American Cultural Administration: Honduras] (PDF). Organización de Estados Iberoamericanos (in Spanish). Madrid, Spain: Organización de Estados Iberoamericanos para la Educación, la Ciendia y la Cultura. 2020. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 January 2020. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
• "Las mujeres en la dirección del gobierno hondureño" [Women on the Direction of the Honduran Government]. El Heraldo (in Spanish). Tegucigalpa, Honduras. 7 April 2017. Archived from the original on 28 July 2019. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
• "Mujeres hondureñas conmemoran 60 años de su derecho a votar en elecciones" [Honduran Women Commemorate 60 Years of Their Right to Vote in Elections]. El Nuevo Herald (in Spanish). Miami, Florida. EFE. 25 January 2015. Archived from the original on 14 December 2015. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
• "Mujeres proponen agenda para el posicionamiento de sus derechos políticos y civiles" [Women Propose an Agenda for the Positioning of Their Political and Civil Rights]. Proceso Digital (in Spanish). Tegucigalpa, Honduras. 29 January 2016. Archived from the original on 15 January 2020. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
• "Nuevos miembros del Instituto de Cultura Hispánica" [New Members of the Institute of Hispanic Culture]. ABC (in Spanish). Madrid, Spain. 10 October 1963. Retrieved 17 January 2020.
• "Policías militares llevan piñatas y dulces a escolares" [Military Police Bring Piñatas and Sweets to Schoolchildren]. La Tribuna (in Spanish). Tegucigalpa, Honduras. 5 September 2019. Archived from the original on 15 September 2019. Retrieved 17 January 2020.

Further research

• Antúnez Castillo, Rubén (1966). Retazo de la historia cultural de San Pedro Sula: diccionario periodístico, diccionario de autores, cronología de la imprenta. San Pedor Sula, Honduras: Imprenta Antúnez. OCLC 3587033.
• Gutiérrez Pacheco, Azucena (1998). Rosas, lotos y ángeles rebeldes (in Spanish). San Pedro Sula, Honduras: Centro Universitario Regional del Norte.