Gordon Morgan Holmes

Sir Gordon Morgan Holmes, CMG, CBE, FRS[1] (22 February 1876 – 29 December 1965) was an Anglo-Irish neurologist. He is best known for carrying out pioneering research into the cerebellum[2] and the visual cortex.[3][4][5][6][7]

Gordon Morgan Holmes
Born(1876-02-22)22 February 1876
Louth, Ireland
Died29 December 1965(1965-12-29) (aged 89)
Farnham, England
Alma materTrinity College, Dublin
AwardsFellow of the Royal Society[1]

Education

He was born as the son of a Louth farmer 40 miles north of Dublin and was educated at Dundalk Educational Institution (now Dundalk Grammar School) and Trinity College, Dublin, where he graduated in medicine in 1897.

Career

He was initially employed at Richmond Lunatic Asylum and then, after working his way to New Zealand and back returned to studying neurology in Germany. In 1906 he was appointed Physician to the National Hospital for Nervous Diseases, Queen Square, London.

At the outbreak of the First World War he was appointed as consultant neurologist to the British Expeditionary Forces. Working in a field hospital he had a unique opportunity for the investigation of the effects of lesions in specific regions of the brain on balance, vision and bladder function. While in France, Holmes met his future wife, Dr Rosalie Jobson, an Oxford graduate and an international sportswoman, to whom he subsequently proposed marriage while rowing on the Thames. His wartime observations on gunshot wounds re-awakened his interest in cerebellar disease which led to his classical analysis of the symptoms of cerebellar lesions described in his Croonian Lectures to the Royal College of Physicians in 1922.[8]

He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in May 1933 and delivered their Ferrier Lecture in 1944.[9]

He was made CMG in 1917, CBE in 1919 and knighted in 1951.

Biography

Irish neurologist, born 22 February 1876 in Dublin; died 29 December 1965 in Farnham, Surrey. Gordon Morgan Holmes' father was a successful farmer at Dellin House, Castlebellingham, County Louth, about 40 miles north of Dublin. The early death of his mother, Kathleen, née Morgan, and his father's remarriage, deeply affected Holmes, and although he had three brothers and three sisters, he was a solitary child. Despite a transient dyslexia, Holmes was a brilliant scholar and after completing his education as a boarder at Dundalk Educational Institution, he entered Trinity College, Dublin, and graduated in medicine in 1897, at the age of 21 years.

Holmes was a resident at the Richmond Asylum, but soon after qualification he worked his passage to New Zealand, serving as ship's surgeon. Holmes then undertook 2 1/2 years postgraduate study in neurology in Germany. Initially he was in Berlin, but he said "it was all spoon feeding" and he went to Frankfurt am Main where he worked at the Senckenberg Institute with Ludwig Edinger (1855–1919) and Carl Weigert (1845–1904).

Edinger suggested that he investigated the experimental model of Friedrich Leopold Goltz (1834–1902), which was a dog who had had its brain extirpated, saying "I can't make anything of it!" It is possible that this experimental animal may have aroused his initial interest in the cerebellum. He said, "I might have become a German" for there was an effort to create a post for him in Frankfurt, but Ehrlich had just commenced his work on Salvarsan and it was decided that the money over the next two years go to that work. Holmes therefore returned to London and became a resident medical officer at the National Hospital for Nervous Diseases in Queen Square, under John Hughlings Jackson (1835–1911), the doyen of British neurologists. Around this time, he published a paper detailing Holmes tremor and a phenomenon later known as the Holmes rebound phenomenon.[10]

In 1906 Holmes was appointed as director of clinical research at Queen Square, where he commenced collaborating with Henry Head (1861–1940) in 1908. This led to the first accurate account of the functions of the optic thalamus and its relation to the cerebral cortex. The two men complemented one another because Head was imaginative and enthusiastic as well as speculative, whereas Holmes insisted upon attention to detail and would never bend facts to fit a hypothesis. At times this led to clashes between the two, but they continued a close collaboration until the outbreak of the 1st World War.

Holmes retained his urge for adventure and he sought a place on Captain Robert Falcon Scott's (1868–1912) ill-fated expedition to the South Pole. A ruptured Achilles tendon necessitated the abandonment of his plan and Holmes profited from his convalescence by obtaining a higher medical degree. In 1910, having obtained a higher medical degree, Holmes was appointed to the staff of the National Hospital when a senior colleague died suddenly. Thereafter his life revolved around his clinical and teaching activities in this hospital, which were unpaid, and a successful private practice.

Upon the outbreak of World War I Holmes was appointed as consultant neurologist to the British Expeditionary Forces. Working with his neurosurgical colleague Percy Sargent (1873–1933) in a field hospital they had set up, he had a unique opportunity for the investigation of the effects of lesions in specific regions of the brain on balance, vision and bladder function. While in France, Holmes met his future wife, Dr Rosalie Jobson, an Oxford graduate and an international sportswoman, to whom he subsequently proposed marriage while rowing on the Thames.

Holmes' observations on gunshot wounds re-awakened his interest in cerebellar disease; this culminated in his classical analysis of the symptoms of cerebellar lesions which were published in his Croonian Lectures to the Royal College of Physicians in 1922, where he added more cases of gunshot wounds to his 1st World War experience as well as patients with cerebellar tumours.

When Holmes returned to the staff of the Charing Cross Hospital after World War I, he was joined by William Adie, a young Australian who became his friend. Holmes and Adie shared interests in neurology and neuroanatomy, and in 1941 they published separate papers on the condition which now bear their conjoined eponym. It seems probable that they had entered into extensive discussion of the disorder which they had documented.

In the period between the wars, Holmes had concurrent appointments at Queen Square, Moorfields Eye Hospital and the Charing Cross Hospital. He was an exceptional teacher of clinical neurology and his weekly case discussions at Queen Square attracted numerous postgraduates.

Holmes disliked medical politics and when forced to be on committees was said to vary between someone who was overwhelmingly bored to being forceful and bullying! He introduced to England the painstaking physical examination of a neurologist and even outstripped Gowers in his systematic collection of clinical data and its correlation with anatomy and pathology.

He investigated amyotonia congenita with James Stanfield Collier (1870–1935) (Brain, London, 1909, 32: 269–284) and described the first removal of a suprarenal tumour (by Percy Sargent) reversing virilism in the patient. He was editor of the journal Brain for many years and was well known for aiding young neurologists by going over their manuscripts and ruthlessly abbreviating and improving the English.

Bibliography
  • Studies in Neurology, 2 volumes. London, H. Frowde, Hodder & Stoughton, 1920 with William Halse Rivers (1864–1922), G. Holmes, James Sherren, Harold Theodore Thompson (1878–1935), George Riddoch (1888–1947):
  • G. Holmes, The National Hospital, Queen Square, 1860–1948. Edinburgh & London, E & S Livingstone Ltd., 1954

References
  1. Walshe, F. M. R. (1966). "Gordon Morgan Holmes. 1876-1965". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 12: 311–326. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1966.0014.
  2. Head, H.; Holmes, G. (1911). "Sensory Disturbances from Cerebral Lesions". Brain. 34 (2–3): 102. doi:10.1093/brain/34.2-3.102.
  3. Pearce, J. M. S. (2004). "Sir Gordon Holmes (1876–1965)". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 75 (10): 1502–1503. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2003.016170. PMC 1738734. PMID 15377710.
  4. Oswald, N. C. (2003). "A glimpse of Sir Gordon Holmes, MD FRS, neurologist (1876–1965)". Journal of Medical Biography. 11 (3): 182. doi:10.1177/096777200301100317. PMID 12870047.
  5. "Sir Gordon Holmes (1876-1965)". JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. 213 (7): 1184–1185. 1970. doi:10.1001/jama.1970.03170330064012. PMID 4914581.
  6. Penfield, W. (1967). "Sir Gordon Morgan Holmes (1876-1965)". Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 5 (1): 185–190. doi:10.1016/0022-510X(67)90016-0. PMID 4863052.
  7. Walshe, F. M. (1966). "Sir Gordon Morgan Holmes, C.M.G., C.B.E., F.R.S". Nature. 209 (5026): 853–854. doi:10.1038/209853a0. PMID 5332144.
  8. "Gordon Morgan Jones". Who Named It. Retrieved 20 November 2010.
  9. "Library and Archive Catalogue". Royal Society. Retrieved 20 November 2010.
  10. Koehler, Peter J.; Bruyn, George W. (2000). Neurological Eponyms. New York City: Oxford University Press. p. 177. ISBN 0195133668.
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