Going postal

Going postal is an American English slang phrase referring to becoming extremely and uncontrollably angry, often to the point of violence, and usually in a workplace environment. The expression derives from a series of incidents from 1986 onward in which United States Postal Service (USPS) workers shot and killed managers, fellow workers, and members of the police or general public in acts of mass murder. Between 1970 and 1997, more than 40 people were killed by current or former employees in at least 20 incidents of workplace rage. Between 1986 and 2011, workplace shootings happened roughly twice per year, with an average of 11.8 people killed per year.[1]

For other uses, see Going postal (disambiguation).

Origin

The earliest known use of the phrase was on December 17, 1993, in the St. Petersburg Times:

The symposium was sponsored by the U.S. Postal Service, which has seen so many outbursts that in some circles excessive stress is known as 'going postal.' Thirty-five people have been killed in 11 post office shootings since 1983. The USPS does not approve of the term "going postal" and has made attempts to stop people from using the saying. Some postal workers, however, feel it has earned its place.[2]

On December 31, 1993, the Los Angeles Times said, "Unlike the more deadly mass shootings around the nation, which have lent a new term to the language, referring to shooting up the office as "going postal"."[3]

Notable postal shootings
Main article: List of postal killings

Los Angeles, California, 1970

August 13, 1970, Harry Sendrow, 54, a postal supervisor, was shot in the back 3 times by Alfred Kellum, 41, whom Sendrow had sent home for being intoxicated. Five hours later Kellum was found unconscious and was arrested. Police officers said he appeared to be intoxicated.[4]

Edmond, Oklahoma, 1986

On August 20, 1986, during the Edmond post office shooting, 14 employees were shot and killed and six were wounded at the Edmond, Oklahoma, post office by Patrick Sherrill, a postman who then killed himself with a shot to the forehead.[5]

Escondido, California, 1989

On August 10, 1989, Escondido letter carrier John Merlin Taylor shot and killed his wife, then drove to the Orange Glen Post Office and killed two co-workers before ending the spree by shooting himself in the head.[6][7]

Ridgewood, New Jersey, 1991

A former United States postal worker, Joseph M. Harris, killed his former supervisor, Carol Ott, and killed her boyfriend, Cornelius Kasten Jr., at their home with a katana. The following morning, on October 10, 1991, Harris shot and killed two mail handlers, Joseph M. VanderPaauw, 59, of Prospect Park, New Jersey, and Donald McNaught, 63, of Pompton Lakes, New Jersey, at the Ridgewood Post Office.[8][9]

Royal Oak, Michigan, 1991
The U.S. post office in Royal Oak

On November 14, 1991 in Royal Oak, Michigan, Thomas McIlvane killed five people, including himself, and injured five others with a rifle in Royal Oak's post office, after being fired from the Postal Service for "insubordination." He had been previously suspended for getting into altercations with postal customers on his route.[10]

For some time prior to the Royal Oak incident the service had experienced labor/management and operational problems and customer service complaints. This had drawn the attention of local media. The Office of Senator Carl Levin investigated Royal Oak, the results of which were summarized in a September 10, 1991, staff memorandum. The memorandum documented "patterns of harassment, intimidation, cruelty and allegations of favoritism in promotions and demotions ... [and] testimony relating to wide-ranging delivery and service problems" prior to the McIlvane shooting.[11][12]

Two events in 1993

Two shootings took place on the same day, May 6, 1993, a few hours apart. At a post office in Dearborn, Michigan, Lawrence Jasion wounded three and killed one, and subsequently killed himself. In Dana Point, California, Mark Richard Hilbun killed his mother and her dog, then shot two postal workers, killing one.[13] As a result of these two shootings, in 1993 the USPS created 85 Workplace Environment Analysts for domicile at its 85 postal districts. These new positions were created to help with violence prevention and workplace improvement. In February 2009, the USPS unilaterally eliminated these positions as part of its downsizing efforts.[14]

Goleta, California, 2006

Jennifer San Marco, a former postal employee, killed six postal employees before killing herself with a handgun, on the evening of January 30, 2006, at a large postal processing facility in Goleta, California.[15] Police later also identified a seventh victim dead in a condominium complex in Goleta where San Marco once lived.[16] According to media reports, the Postal Service had forced San Marco to retire in 2003 because of her worsening mental problems. This incident is believed to be the deadliest workplace shooting ever carried out in the United States by a woman.[17][18]

Baker City, Oregon, 2006

Grant Gallaher, a letter carrier in Baker City, Oregon, pleaded guilty to the April 4, 2006 murder of his supervisor.[19] He reportedly brought his .357 Magnum revolver to the city post office with the intention of killing his postmaster. When he arrived at the parking lot, he reportedly ran over his supervisor several times. He then went into the post office looking for his postmaster. Not finding him, he went back out to the parking lot and shot his supervisor.[20] Gallaher was on a new route for three weeks and had felt pressured by a week-long work-time study and extra time added to his new route.[20]

Dublin, Ohio, 2017

On December 23, 2017, Postal worker DeShaune Stewart arrived at the Dublin Postal Office naked, then shot and killed his supervisor, Lance Hererra-Dempsey. Following the shooting, Stewart made his way to a nearby apartment complex and also killed the Dublin postmaster, Ginger Ballad by throwing her to the ground, where the blunt force trauma caused to her head killed her instantly. Stewart had been under investigation by the U.S. Postal Service prior to the incident. In September of 2019, Stewart was found not guilty of his crimes by reason of insanity.[21]

Analysis

In 1998, the United States Congress conducted a joint hearing to review the violence in the U.S. Postal Service. In the hearing, it was noted that despite the postal service accounting for less than 1% of the full-time civilian labor force, 13% of workplace homicides were committed at postal facilities by current or former employees.[22]

In 2000, researchers found that the homicide rates at postal facilities were lower than at other workplaces. In major industries, the highest rate of 2.1 homicides per 100,000 workers per year was in retail. The homicide rate for postal workers was 0.22 per 100,000 versus 0.77 per 100,000 workers in general.[23] The common depiction of an employee returning to work for revenge on his boss is overdone. More than half of mass workplace shootings are by current employees, and a little under a quarter are by employees who have been at their job for less than a year.[1]

Cultural impact

In the controversial video game series Postal, the player takes on the role of an insane mass murderer in the first game, and in the later series a first-person role performing normally mundane chores (such as picking up a paycheck from work) with an often gratuitously violent twist. In 1997, the USPS sued the creators of the game, Running with Scissors, over the use of the term "postal". Running with Scissors argued that, despite its title, the game has absolutely nothing to do with the USPS or its employees. The case was dismissed with prejudice in 2003.[24]

The 1996 video game Duke Nukem 3D features a level named "Going Postal", where the player explores and fights through a U.S. Post Office invaded by aliens.

The 1993 episode of Seinfeld titled "The Old Man" makes reference to the term, in a scene between the characters George and Newman, whose occupation is a USPS postal worker.

The 1994 comedy film Naked Gun ​33 1⁄3: The Final Insult includes a scene where the main character must deal with a series of escalating threats, including the sudden appearance of dozens of disgruntled postal workers randomly firing weapons in every direction.

The 1995 film Jumanji features a scene where the minor villain of the movie, a hunter named Van Pelt, is trying to buy a gun rather quickly and the salesman asks "You're not a postal worker, are you?".[25]

The title of the 2004 book Going Postal by Terry Pratchett makes reference to the contents of the novel, but in future novels of the Discworld universe characters use the term "going postal" in the common sense, apparently referring to the events of Going Postal.

As referenced on The Simpsons, during the January 31, 1999 Episode "Sunday, Cruddy Sunday", Springfield Elementary visits the post office on a class trip and Nelson asks the Postmaster:

  • Nelson: Have you ever gone on a killing spree?
  • Postmaster Bill: (laughing) Ho ho ho, nooo noo, the day of the gun toting disgruntled postman shooting up the place went out with the Macarena.

In the Brooklyn Nine-Nine episode USPIS, a self-righteous United States Postal Inspection Service agent passionate about his job, is adamant that "going postal" is the term most associated with bringing goodness into people's lives, which is a view shared by his co-workers, though not the NYPD Detectives.[26]

In the 1999 movie Pushing Tin, at the controller back yard BBQ, one of the controllers makes a suggestion to round up all the disgruntled postmen and turn them into an elite fighting force.

In the Lizzie McGuire episode, "I Do, I Don't", Kate Sanders and Larry Tudgeman are paired up for a class project, where they play a husband and wife team of a TV Anchorwoman (Kate) and a mailman (Larry). At the end of the project, Larry dumps punch on Kate as revenge for how she treated him during the project, in front of the whole class. Lizzie's friend, Gordo, then quips, "Well, I guess that's the risk you take when you marry a postal worker!"

See also

References
  1. Lee, Seungmug; McCrie, Robert (2012). "Mass Homicides by Employees in the American Workplace" (PDF).
  2. Vick, Karl, "Violence at work tied to loss of esteem", St. Petersburg Times, Dec 17, 1993
  3. "The Year in Review 1993", Los Angeles Times, December 31, 1993
  4. "Post Office Supervisor Shot to Death; Co-Worker Arrested". Los Angeles Times. August 14, 1970. p. 34.
  5. "On August 20, 1986, a part-time letter carrier named Patrick H. Sherrill, facing possible dismissal after a troubled work history". The Journal of Employee Assistance. 2005. Retrieved September 12, 2007.
  6. Gorman, Tom; Serrano, Richard (August 11, 1989). "'Ideal' Letter Carrier Kills 3 in Escondido : Police, Co-Workers at a Loss for a Motive; Wife, 2 Co-Workers Victims of Rampage". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
  7. Jones, J. Harry; De Salvo, Steven; Telles, Paul (August 10, 1989). "Escondido postal worker kills two; 3rd body found". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
  8. Hanley, Robert (October 11, 1991). "4 Slain in 2 New Jersey Attacks And Former Postal Clerk Is Held". The New York Times.
  9. "A former postal worker commits mass murder". The History Channel website. 2010. Retrieved November 11, 2010.
  10. Levin, Doron P. (November 15, 1991). "Ex-Postal Worker Kills 3 and Wounds 6 in Michigan". The New York Times. Retrieved February 26, 2008.
  11. Withers, Charlie. "The Tainted Eagle".
  12. A post office tragedy:the shooting at Royal Oak, report of the Committee on Post Office and Civil Service, House of Representatives, 102 Congress, ISBN 9780160386589"
  13. Gregory K. Moffatt, Blind-Sided: Homicide Where It Is Least Expected, at 37 (2000).
  14. Musacco, Stephen (2009). Beyond going postal: Shifting from workplace tragedies and toxic workplace environments to a safe and healthy organization. Booksurge. p. 34. the notion of 'going postal' as a myth is not supported by the overwhelming evidence to the contrary
  15. Holusha, John; Archibold, Randal C. (February 1, 2006). "Ex-Employee Kills 6 Others and Herself at California Postal Plant". The New York Times. Retrieved May 3, 2010.
  16. "Death Toll in Calif. Postal Shooting Rises: Calif. Sheriff's Deputies Say Woman Accused in Post Office Killings May Have Also Shot Her Former Neighbor". ABC News.
  17. "Seven dead in California postal shooting". CNN. January 31, 2006.
  18. "US ex-postal employee kills six". BBC News. January 31, 2006. Retrieved January 4, 2010.
  19. "Gallaher Sentenced in Baker County Circuit Court". Hells Canyon Journal. August 16, 2006. p. 3. Retrieved September 19, 2010.
  20. "Gallaher sentenced for post office supervisor's murder". The Baker City Herald.
  21. "Ex-Postal Worker accused of killing postmaster, postal supervisor found not guilty by reason of insanity". Postal Reporter. September 24, 2019. Retrieved October 14, 2020.
  22. Musacco, 2009
  23. "Permanent.access.gpo.gov Report of The United States Postal Service Commission On A Safe And Secure Workplace August 2000" (PDF).
  24. Calvert, Justin. "Postal court case dismissed". Retrieved June 25, 2003.
  25. "Jumanji 1080p You're not a postal worker, are you?". YouTube. Retrieved December 3, 2019.
  26. Pape, Allie. "Brooklyn Nine-Nine Recap: Going Postal". Retrieved August 7, 2018.

Further reading
  • Beyond Going Postal by Stephen Musacco, which examines the paramilitary, authoritarian postal culture and its relationship to toxic workplace environments and postal tragedies. (ISBN 1-439220-75-1)
  • Going Postal: Rage, Murder, and Rebellion by Mark Ames, which examines the rise of office and school shootings in the wake of the Reagan Revolution, and compares the shootings to slave rebellions (ISBN 1-932360-82-4)
  • Going Postal by Don Lasseter, which examines the issue of workplace shootings inside the USPS (ISBN 0-7860-0439-8)
  • The Tainted Eagle by Charlie Withers, a union steward in the Royal Oak Post Office at the time of the shootings in Royal Oak, Michigan. (ISBN 1-436396-41-7)
  • Lone Wolf by Pan Pantziarka, a comprehensive study of the spree killer phenomenon, and looks in detail at a number of cases in the U.S., UK and Australia. (ISBN 0-7535-0437-5)
  • Bob Dart, "'Going postal' is a bad rap for mail carriers, study finds", Austin American-Statesman, September 2, 2000, p. A28
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