Go-go dancing

Go-go dancers are dancers who are employed to entertain crowds at nightclubs[1] or other venues where music is played. Go-go dancing originated in the early 1960s, by some accounts when women at the Peppermint Lounge in New York City began to get up on tables and dance the twist.[2] Some claim that go-go dancing originated at, and was named after, the very popular Los Angeles rock club Whisky a Go Go which opened in January 1964, but the opposite may be true – the club chose the name to reflect the already popular craze of go-go dancing.[3] Many 1960s-era clubgoers wore miniskirts and knee-high, high-heeled boots, which eventually came to be called go-go boots. Night club promoters in the mid‑1960s then conceived the idea of hiring women dressed in these outfits to entertain patrons.

Not to be confused with Go-go, an unrelated musical genre.
Go-go dancer Cherry Lei
Go-go boot

Etymology

The term go-go derives from the phrase "go-go-go" for a high-energy person,[4] and was influenced by the French expression à gogo, meaning "in abundance, galore",[5] which is in turn derived from the ancient French word la gogue for "joy, happiness".[6]

In the 1960s

On 19 June 1964, Carol Doda began go-go dancing topless at the Condor Club on Broadway and Columbus in the North Beach neighborhood of San Francisco. She became the world's most famous go-go dancer, dancing at the Condor for 22 years.

Go-go dancers began to be hired regularly at the Whisky a Go Go on the Sunset Strip in West Hollywood in the Los Angeles area in July 1965. The Whisky a Go Go was also the first go-go club to have go-go cages suspended from the ceiling (they were there from the very beginning in 1965), and thus the profession of cage dancer was born.

By early 1965 the concept of go-go cages had also become popular in Europe. In Germany, the discothèques Scotch Kneipe and Pussycat in Munich were the first to have go-go cages.[7]

The phrase go-go was adopted by bars in the 1960s in Tokyo, Japan. It was of lesser reputation until it was abandoned by a majority of clubs and appropriated by burlesque and striptease establishments, which in turn became known as go-go bars and the women working there known as go-go dancers. During the Vietnam War there were many go-go bars in Saigon, South Vietnam, to entertain U.S. troops. A synonym used in Vietnam for go-go dancing is "table dancing".

Television and media

Go-go dancers were employed as background dancers accompanying performances (real or lip-synced) by rock and roll bands on teen music programs in the mid-1960s. Hullabaloo was a musical variety series that ran on NBC from 12 January 1965 – 29 August 1966. The Hullabaloo Dancers—a team of four men and six women—appeared on a regular basis. Another female dancer, model/actress Lada Edmund, Jr., was best known as the caged "go-go girl" dancer in the Hullabaloo A-Go-Go segment near the closing sequence of the show. Other dance TV shows during this period such as ABC's Shindig! (16 September 1964 – 8 January 1966) also featured go-go dancers in cages. Sometimes these cages were made of clear plastic with lights strung inside of them; sometimes the lights were synchronized to go on and off with the music. Shivaree (syndicated, 1965-1966), another music show, usually put go-go dancers on scaffolding and on a platform behind the band which was performing. Beat-Club, a German show in the period, also used go-go dancers.[8] Each show of the period had a particular method of bringing the go-go dancers into camera view.

In gay clubs
Go-go boys at the June 2008 Chicago Pride Parade

Many gay clubs had male go-go dancers, often called go-go boys, from 1965 to 1968, after which few gay clubs had go-go dancers until 1988, when go-go dancing again became fashionable at gay clubs (and has remained so ever since). Nowadays, gay male go-go dancers are a lot more popular and common in American culture, especially in bigger cities such as Los Angeles and New York. There are more gay go-go dancers than female go-go dancers in today's club scene, a big turnaround from the 1960s.[9][10] Some go-go dancers also work as escorts or personal trainers to supplement their income.[11]

In the 1970s and after

There were many go-go bars in Thailand during the Vietnam War and they continued (on a smaller scale) after the war ended. By the 1980s, Thailand was a leading center for the sex industry and this industry has become a Thailand tourist attraction for males. Many go-go bars are located in Patpong and Soi Cowboy streets of Bangkok.

Not very many nightclubs had go-go dancers in the 1970s. However, in the late 1970s, there was a nightclub at 128 West 45th Street (the same location where the Peppermint Lounge had been) in Manhattan, New York City, called G.G. Barnum's Room, patronized mostly by transsexuals, that had male go-go dancers who danced on trapezes above a net over the dance floor.[12][13] In 1978, the Xenon night club in Manhattan became the first night club to provide go-go boxes for amateur go-go dancers to dance on.[14]

In the early 1980s go-go dancing again became popular in New York City clubs inspired by the music of Madonna. Madonna included go-go dancers in her MTV music videos. By the late 1980s, go-go dancing had spread once more to nightclubs throughout the Western world and East Asia.

Today, go-go dancing has also found an outlet in mass media. Horrorpops, a Danish band, is known for featuring go-go dancers in their live performances and their music videos. The music video for "Horrorbeach" was dedicated entirely to the band's go-go dancers. Go-go dancers can be employed to enhance a band's performance, or a DJ's music mix.

In Russia, in the 2013 elections the Civilian Power party put forward four female go-go dancers as candidates for deputies.[15][16]

The tradition of go-go dancers on TV music shows continues around the world, such as the Viva Hotbabes and SexBomb Girls in the Philippines. However, while American shows of the 1960s featured dancers that were highly trained, many modern dancers are not always professional (for example some nightclubs in tourist areas in Magaluf or Ibiza). However there are many companies that supply professionally trained dancers to nightclubs for podium work around the world.

Holidays and celebrations

Currently, the City of West Hollywood celebrates the history and culture of go-go dancing by hosting an annual "Go-Go Boy Appreciation Day" that includes a street festival and competition.[17]

Performance art dancers

Go-go dancers that are hired to dance at night clubs, special parties, festivals, circuit parties or rave dances in bright, colorful costumes are called performance art dancers.[18] Their costumes often include accessories such as glow sticks, light chasers, toy ray guns that light up, go-go shorts embedded with battery-operated fiber optic tubes in various colors, strings of battery-operated colored lights in plastic tubes, fire sticks, a musical instrument, or an animal (usually a snake). In the early to mid‑1980s, the performance art dancer John Sex, who performed with a python, played a role in making go-go dancing popular once again at gay and bisexual night clubs along with his life partner Sebastian Kwok.

See also
Fictional depictions

References
  1. Mish, Frederic C., Editor in Chief Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary Springfield, Massachusetts, 1984--Merriam-Webster Page 525
  2. Video, The Twist (A film by Ron Mann) 1993
  3. Russell Hall (12 November 2010). "Showtime! The 10 Greatest Rock Venues of All Time". Gibson.com. Archived from the original on 14 April 2012. Retrieved 13 June 2015.
  4. "agog - alphaDictionary * Free English On-line Dictionary". Alphadictionary.com. 2010-07-13. Retrieved 2015-06-13.
  5. "A-go-go | Definition of a-go-go by Merriam-Webster". Merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2015-06-13.
  6. Le Petit Robert: GOGO (À), 1440; de l'a. fr. gogue "réjouissance"
  7. "Diskothek: Irre laut" [Discothèque: Mad out loud]. Der Spiegel (in German). 14 April 1965. pp. 150–151. Retrieved 19 May 2020. (PDF version)
  8. MeTV staff, MeTV, October 2, 2015 "Shindig, Shivaree, Hullabaloo and the great rock & roll shows of 1965" https://www.metv.com/lists/shindig-shivaree-hullabaloo-and-the-great-rock-roll-shows-of-1965
  9. "Going to a Go Go: Up Close with the Dancers and the Dance" Bay Area Reporter Thursday, May 2, 1991, "Arts and Entertainment" section Page 29
  10. "Going to a Go Go: Up Close with the Dancers and the Dance" Bay Area Reporter Thursday, May 2, 1991, "Arts and Entertainment" section Page 30
  11. Eichert, David. "'It Ruined My Life: FOSTA, Male Escorts, and the Construction of Sexual Victimhood in American Politics" (PDF). Virginia Journal of Social Policy & the Law. 26 (3): 201–245.
  12. Miezitis, Vida Night Dancin' New York:1980 Ballantine (Photography by Bill Bernstein) "G.G. Barnum's Room" Pages 94-102--Has pictures of male go-go dancers go-go dancing on trapezes above a net over the dance floor
  13. "Identify these NYC Clubs". Disco-disco.com. Retrieved 2015-06-13.
  14. Anthony Haden-Guest The Last Party: Studio 54, Disco, and the Culture of the Night New York:1997 William Morrow Co. See numerous references to Xenon in the index
  15. Privolnov, Sergey. "Из go-go в депутаты Тольятти: продолжение" [From go-go to deputies of Tolyatti: continued] (in Russian). Arriva.ru. Retrieved 2015-06-13.
  16. ЗАО ИД «Комсомольская правда». "В тольяттинскую гордуму баллотируются go-go танцовщицы". Samara.kp.ru. Retrieved 2015-06-13.
  17. "West Hollywood Starts Voting For Go-Go Dancer Appreciation Day". CBS Los Angeles. 2013-11-03. Retrieved 2015-06-13.
  18. "A Revival of Go-Go Dancers". San Francisco Chronicle July 12, 1991, People section page B3
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