Giant pangasius

The giant pangasius, paroon shark, pangasid-catfish[1] or Chao Phraya giant catfish (Pangasius sanitwongsei) is a species of freshwater fish in the shark catfish family (Pangasiidae) of order Siluriformes, found in the Chao Phraya and Mekong basins in Indochina. Its populations have declined drastically, mainly due to overfishing, and it is now considered Critically Endangered.[1]

Not to be confused with Mekong giant catfish.

Giant pangasius
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Siluriformes
Family: Pangasiidae
Genus: Pangasius
Species:
P. sanitwongsei
Binomial name
Pangasius sanitwongsei
Smith, 1931
Synonyms[1]
  • Pangasius beani Smith, 1931
  • Pangasius sanitwangsei Smith, 1931

Etymology

The specific name sanitwongsei was chosen to honor M. R. Suwaphan Sanitwong (Thai: ม.ร.ว.สุวพรรณ สนิทวงศ์) for his support of fisheries in Thailand.[2]

Geographic range

The Pangasius sanitwongsei is native to basins in Southeast Asia,[3] and has been found in Central Anatolia, which is not native and was implemented there illegally.[4] The P. sanitwongsei was also recently found in South Africa, and is suspected to be brought and released there illegally.[5]

Habitat

The Pangasius sanitwongsei is tolerant in poor quality water[6] and prefers to live in the bottom of deep depressions in freshwater rivers.[7] The fish live in rivers but are experiencing endangerment due to dams being built, causing the fish to be trapped and unable to migrate.[8]

Physical characteristics
Giant pangasius in Prague Sea aquarium
Giant pangasius at Disney's Animal Kingdom

The giant pangasius is pigmented with dusky melanophores. It has a wide, flat, whiskerless head. Its body is compressed and elongate, with a depressed head.[9] It has a continuous and uninterrupted single vomero-palatine teeth patch which is curved.[10] The anal fin has 26 rays and the pectoral spine is similar in size to the dorsal spine and also shows serrations.[11] It has a silver, curved underside and a dark brown back. Its dorsal, pectoral and pelvic fins are dark gray and the first soft ray is extended into a filament. Its dorsal, adipose, pectoral, and caudal fins are a dark grey to black coloring, with its anal fin and pelvic fins a white to grey coloring.[12] Full-grown adults can reach 300 centimetres (9.8 ft) SL in length and weigh up to 300 kg (660 lb).[13] More commonly the fish's length is around 2 meters.[14]

Development

This species reproduces sexually, and the eggs and sperm are usually released in a muddier area to prevent eggs from sticking to each other.[15] The number of eggs per each spawning is around 600 (with a diameter of 2-2.5mm) and the brood shows low genetic variation.[16] There is no parental care after spawning.[17]

Behavior

The giant pangasius is a benthopelagic and migratory species. Juveniles and adults feed on crustaceans and fishes. These fish typically spawn just prior to the monsoon season.[13] It is believed that the P. sanitwongsei prey on shrimp, crabs, and fish and hideout in deep areas in rivers.[18] The P. sanitwongsei have a seasonal migration but the fish does not leave the river during its migration, it only stays within the river during the seasonal migration.[19]

Food habits

The P. sanitwongsei is a carnivorous fish, whose prey consist of shrimp, crabs, and fish.[20] Since the fish lives on the bottom, it is also known to feed on larger animal's carcasses.[21]

Predation

There are no known natural predators of the P. sanitwongsei, besides humans due to overfishing which is leading to a decline in population.[19]

Reproduction

Little is known of the reproduction of P. sanitwongsei, but the time of spawning happens in the months of April and May.[22] It is predicted that spawining happens in the rivers that they are found and are not believed to be migrating from outside the river when getting ready to spawn.[23]

Longevity

This fish's lifespan isn't known, but it is known that it grows fast[24] and usually the trend is when it grows fast, it dies quickly. The possible reasoning for this could be the fact that there is over-fishing of the species.[4]

Ecosystem roles

The P. sanitwongsei's role in the ecosystem is the top predator, or also known as the "umbrella" species for the other species that live in the habitat.[25] Due to overharvesting, the native fish population may increase since the P. sanitwongsei population is declining.[26]

Economic importance

This fish is important to humans due to the lack of knowledge we have about it, and this fish can show us migratory pathways and spawning habits.[27] This fish also has an important role in fisheries since they are fast growing and can live in poor water environments, plus they bring in good prices for a filet of this fish.[28]

Relationship to humans

Fishing of this species used to be accompanied by religious ceremonies and rites. It is often mentioned in textbooks, news media, and popular press. This fish is a popular food fish and marketed fresh.[13]

These fish sometimes appear in the aquarium fish hobby. Most specimens do not reach their full size without an extremely large aquarium or pond. There is even a "balloon" form of this fish where the fish has an unusually short and stocky body.[29]

Conservation status

This fish is highly protected and has a high conservation value and is banned from being fished through all seasons.[30] The fish is being threatened by overharvesting, damming rivers, and pollution. A known breeding practice, to try and help the population, is being practiced by the Thai's government, and recommendations about the conservation of this fish is to halt harvesting until the P. sanitwongsei's population can rise to a safe level.[31]

See also

References
  1. Jenkins, A.; Kullander, F.F. & Tan, H.H. (2009). "Pangasius sanitwongsei". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2009: e.T15945A5324983. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T15945A5324983.en.
  2. ลักษณะทั่วไปของปลาเทพา (in Thai). Department of Fisheries of Thailand. Retrieved June 29, 2016.
  3. Hogan, Zeb; Na-Nakorn, Uthairat; Kong, Heng. "Threatened fishes of the world: Pangasius sanitwongsei Smith 1931 (Siluriformes: Pangasiidae)". Springer link. Environmental Biology of Fishes. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
  4. Yoğurtçuoğlu, Baran; Ekmekçi, Fitnat. "First record of the giant pangasius, pangasius sanitwongsei (actinopterygii: siluriformes: pangasiidae), from Central Anatolia, Turkey". ebscohost. Acta Ichtyologica et Piscatoria. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
  5. Mäkinen, Tuuli; Weyl, Olaf; van der Walt, Kerry-Ann; Swartz, Ernst. "First record of an introduction of the giant pangasius, Pangasius sanitwongsei Smith 1931, into an African river". Taylor & Francis Online. African Zoology. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
  6. Mäkinen, Tuuli; Weyl, Olaf; van der Walt, Kerry-Ann; Swartz, Ernst. "First record of an introduction of the giant pangasius, Pangasius sanitwongsei Smith 1931, into an African river". Taylor & Francis Online. African Zoology. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
  7. Hogan, Zeb; Na-Nakorn, Uthairat; Kong, Heng. "Threatened fishes of the world: Pangasius sanitwongsei Smith 1931 (Siluriformes: Pangasiidae)". Springer link. Environmental Biology of Fishes. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
  8. Stone, Richard. "Severe drought puts spotlight on Chinese dams". ScienceMag. Science. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
  9. Smith, Hugh. "Descriptions of new genera and species of Siamese fishes" (PDF). Proceedings of the United States National Museum. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
  10. Dwivedi, Arvind; Gupta, Braj; Singh, Rajeev; Mohindra, Vindhya; Chandra, Suresh; Easawarn, Suresh; Jena, Joykrushna; Lal, Kuldeep (2017). "Cryptic diversity in the Indian clade of the catfish family Pangasiidae resolved by the description of a new species". Hydrobiologia. 797: 351–370. doi:10.1007/s10750-017-3198-z. S2CID 18443745.
  11. Smith, Hugh. "Descriptions of new genera and species of Siamese fishes" (PDF). Proceedings of the United States National Museum. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
  12. Mäkinen, Tuuli; Weyl, Olaf; van der Walt, Kerry-Ann; Swartz, Ernst. "First record of an introduction of the giant pangasius, Pangasius sanitwongsei Smith 1931, into an African river". Taylor & Francis Online. African Zoology. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
  13. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2012). "Pangasius sanitwongsei" in FishBase. February 2012 version.
  14. Hogan, Zeb; Na-Nakorn, Uthairat; Kong, Heng. "Threatened fishes of the world: Pangasius sanitwongsei Smith 1931 (Siluriformes: Pangasiidae)". Springer link. Environmental Biology of Fishes. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
  15. Chanthasoo, Manat; Wiwatcharakoset, Suraphong; Lisanga, Sanga. "Breeding of Chao Phaya giant catfish (Pangasius Sanitwongsei)". AGRIS. Warasan Kan Pramong. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
  16. Hogan, Zeb; Na-Nakorn, Uthairat; Kong, Heng. "Threatened fishes of the world: Pangasius sanitwongsei Smith 1931 (Siluriformes: Pangasiidae)". Springer link. Environmental Biology of Fishes. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
  17. Sriphairoj, Kednapat; Na-Nakorn, Uthairat; Klinbunga, Sirawut. "Species identification of non-hybrid and hybrid Pangasiid catfish using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism". ScienceDirect. Agriculture and Natural Resources. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
  18. Hogan, Zeb; Na-Nakorn, Uthairat; Kong, Heng. "Threatened fishes of the world: Pangasius sanitwongsei Smith 1931 (Siluriformes: Pangasiidae)". Springer link. Environmental Biology of Fishes. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
  19. Na-Nakorn, Uthairat; Sukmanomon, Srijanya; Poompuang, Supawadee; Saelim, Panya; Taniguchi, Nobuhiko; Nakajima, Masanishi. "Genetic diversity of the vulnerable Pangasius sanitwongsei using microsatellite DNA and 16S rRNA". AGRIS. Kasetsart University Fisheries Research Bulletin. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
  20. Hogan, Zeb; Na-Nakorn, Uthairat; Kong, Heng. "Threatened fishes of the world: Pangasius sanitwongsei Smith 1931 (Siluriformes: Pangasiidae)". Springer link. Environmental Biology of Fishes. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
  21. Mäkinen, Tuuli; Weyl, Olaf; van der Walt, Kerry-Ann; Swartz, Ernst. "First record of an introduction of the giant pangasius, Pangasius sanitwongsei Smith 1931, into an African river". Taylor & Francis Online. African Zoology. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
  22. Hogan, Zeb; Na-Nakorn, Uthairat; Kong, Heng. "Threatened fishes of the world: Pangasius sanitwongsei Smith 1931 (Siluriformes: Pangasiidae)". Springer link. Environmental Biology of Fishes. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
  23. Kwantong, Samorn; Bart, Amrit (2003). "Effect of cryoprotectants, extenders and freezing rates on the fertilization rate of frozen striped catfish, Pangasius hypophthalmus (Sauvage), sperm". Aquaculture Research. 34 (10): 887–893. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2109.2003.00897.x.
  24. Mäkinen, Tuuli; Weyl, Olaf; van der Walt, Kerry-Ann; Swartz, Ernst. "First record of an introduction of the giant pangasius, Pangasius sanitwongsei Smith 1931, into an African river". Taylor & Francis Online. African Zoology. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
  25. Hogan, Zeb. "Ecology and conservation of large-bodied freshwater catfish: a global perspective". American Fisheries Society Symposium. S2CID 55971287. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  26. He, Fengzhi; Zarfl, Christiane; Bremerich, Vanessa; Henshaw, Alex; Darwall, William; Tockner, Klement; Jähnig, Sonja (2017). "Disappearing giants: a review of threats to freshwater megafauna". Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water. 4 (3): e1208. doi:10.1002/wat2.1208.
  27. Hogan, Zeb; Na-Nakorn, Uthairat; Kong, Heng. "Threatened fishes of the world: Pangasius sanitwongsei Smith 1931 (Siluriformes: Pangasiidae)". Springer link. Environmental Biology of Fishes. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
  28. Mäkinen, Tuuli; Weyl, Olaf; van der Walt, Kerry-Ann; Swartz, Ernst. "First record of an introduction of the giant pangasius, Pangasius sanitwongsei Smith 1931, into an African river". Taylor & Francis Online. African Zoology. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
  29. “Short body” อีกหนึ่งสีสันของปลาน้ำจืดไทย (in Thai)
  30. Na-Nakorn, Uthairat; Sukmanomon, Srijanya; Nakajima, Masanishi; Taniguchi, Nobuhiko; Kamonrat, Wongpathom; Poompuang, Supawadee; Nguyen, Thuy (2006). "MtDNA diversity of the critically endangered Mekong giant catfish (Pangasianodon gigas Chevey, 1913) and closely related species: implications for conservation". Animal Conservation. 9 (4): 483–494. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1795.2006.00064.x.
  31. Hogan, Zeb; Na-Nakorn, Uthairat; Kong, Heng. "Threatened fishes of the world: Pangasius sanitwongsei Smith 1931 (Siluriformes: Pangasiidae)". Springer link. Environmental Biology of Fishes. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
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