George Wilkes

George Wilkes (1817 – September 23, 1885) was an American journalist and newspaper editor. A native of New York State, he became a journalist and after losing a libel case was imprisoned in New York City's jail; he wrote a pamphlet on the jail's conditions in 1844 based on his stay. The following year, Wilkes and a friend started publishing the National Police Gazette, a newspaper on crime reporting and other sensationalistic topics. In 1856 Wilkes bought a sporting newspaper called the Spirit of the Times, which he had previously worked for.

George Wilkes
Born	George Wilkes 1817 New York
Died	September 23, 1885
Occupation	Journalist and editor
Children	Alicia, George

After selling the Gazette, he published and edited the Spirit until his death in 1885. Wilkes also wrote a couple of books on non-sporting topics, and introduced pari-mutuel betting to the United States.

Early life

Wilkes was born in 1817 in the state of New York in the United States. It is not sure who his parents were, although they may have been George Wilkes, a cabinet maker, and Helen. Little is known of his upbringing before he became a law clerk for Enoch E. Camp. Wilkes left the legal profession for journalism, first working for a series of short-lived newspapers in New York City, the Flash, the Whip, and the Subterranean.[1] He wrote and edited the Sunday Flash under a pseudonym, "Startle".[2][lower-alpha 1] Among other topics, the Sunday Flash rated New York's brothels and published descriptions and reviews of them.[3] He lost a libel case and was sentenced to a term in the city jail, the Tombs.[1] After serving a month in jail,[4] Wilkes wrote a pamphlet entitled The Mysteries of the Tombs: A Journal of Thirty Days Imprisonment in the N. Y. City Prison, which came out in 1844 and was based on his experiences in jail.[1] Wilkes returned to the study of law after his stint in jail, and even called himself an attorney for a short time.[4]

Early writings

Cover of an 1847 issue of the National Police Gazette, while it was published by Wilkes

In 1845 Wilkes joined Camp and began the National Police Gazette. It quickly became popular and within a few weeks had a circulation of 15,000.[5] Collier's called the Gazette a record of "horrid murders, outrageous robberies, bold forgeries, astounding burglaries, hideous rapes, vulgar seductions, and recent exploits of pickpockets and hotel thieves."[6] Because of Wilkes' and Camp's efforts to combat crime in New York through the Gazette, the offices of the newspaper were the subject of attacks by mobs stirred up by criminals.[1][5]

Wilkes wrote a History of Oregon, Geographical and Political in 1845, which was inaccurate. Notwithstanding, an extract was published as Project for a National Railroad from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, also in 1845. It was popular and was in its fourth edition by 1847.[1] In 1848 and 1849, Wilkes wrote a novel, loosely based on the life and murder of Helen Jewett, a New York prostitute. The novel was first serialized in the Gazette before being published as a stand-alone work in 1849,[3] titled The Lives of Helen Jewett and Richard P. Robinson.[7][lower-alpha 2] Although based on Jewett's life and death, there was much embellishment.[3] It combined the facts of the case with elements from contemporary murder mysteries and seduction novels set in the growing cities of the time.[4] Wilkes did have access to some of Jewett's letters, which had been held by the district attorney's office since Jewett's murder in 1836 and the subsequent trial. Wilkes, who obtained the letters in 1848, also acquired the hatchet which had murdered Jewett. The letters were eventually published in the Gazette and even were displayed, along with the murder weapon, in the newspaper's office window.[9][lower-alpha 3]

Around 1849 Wilkes went to California, either with or shortly after his friend David Colbreth Broderick.[lower-alpha 4] Wilkes was a political advisor of Broderick's, but they quarreled over water issues in 1853 and Wilkes left California.[12] Wilkes then traveled to Europe, turning the experience into another book, this one entitled Europe in a Hurry.[1] Returning to California after Europe, he reunited with Broderick in late 1853 but another quarrel in 1854 over Wilkes' appointment to a judicial post led to Wilkes' leaving California permanently. The two men reconciled in 1859 during a visit by Broderick to New York shortly before Broderick's death.[12] Wilkes was the recipient of Broderick's estate,[1] and Wilkes wrote a long eulogy to his friend that appeared in the Spirit in October 1859.[12]

In 1866, Wilkes and Camp sold the Gazette to George W. Matsell, who had previously been Chief of Police for New York City.[5][lower-alpha 5]

Spirit of the Times

When Wilkes returned New York City, he began to work for William T. Porter's newspaper Spirit of the Times. Porter sold the paper in 1856 to Wilkes, who retained Porter on the newspaper's staff until Porter's death in 1858. Wilkes, however, renamed the paper to Porter's Spirit of the Times, a title it retained until 1859.[1] In September 1859, Abraham C. Dayton, who had previously worked for the Spirit, left the paper and because he had purchased a share of the paper at one point from Porter, began publishing a paper he called Porter's Spirit of the Times. Dayton got a court order preventing Wilkes from using Porter's name, so Wilkes changed the name of his paper to Wilkes' Spirit of the Times, while Dayton continued to publish Porter's Spirit of the Times. Dayton was only able to publish until August 1861, however,[14] as Wilkes drove the other paper out of business.[15] Wilkes owned the surviving paper until his death in 1885.[1]

Under Wilkes' ownership, the Spirit, which previously had covered mainly sporting events, expanded its coverage to include political matters. When the American Civil War began in 1861, Wilkes covered the battles also. He was present at the First Battle of Bull Run which he then narrated for the Spirit. He continued as a correspondent throughout the war, but during the war contracted the kidney disease which he later died.[1]

Wilkes also used literary feuds with other newspapers, both in and out of the sporting press, to help his subscription rates.[16] After the Civil War, Wilkes' Spirit was one of the three leading newspapers in New York City. Two, including the Spirit, of the three were mainly devoted to horse racing – the other being The Turf, Field and Farm by Sanders D. Bruce.[17]

Later life

Wilkes was active in Republican Party political affairs and ran for the United States Congress against James Brooks,[1] losing the race in 1870, with Brooks receiving 12,845 votes and Wilkes 7149 votes.[18] Wilkes, along with John Chamberlain and Marcus Cicero Stanley, introduced pari-mutuel betting in the United States. Wilkes also was active in promoting boxing, acting as the promoter for some prizefights.[1] Wilkes also became involved in an effort to colonize Baja California, becoming trustee of a colonizing company in 1867.[19] In 1877 he published his last work, Shakespeare from an American Point of View, which reflected his lifelong interest in William Shakespeare. This work was revised twice, with the third edition appearing in 1882.[1]

Married twice,[1] Wilkes had two adopted children, George and Alicia. He also had a sister, Catherine, and a brother, Henry.[20] He died on September 23, 1885 in New York City,[1] and was buried on September 26, 1885.[21] It is claimed that Tsar Alexander II of Russia in 1870 inducted him into the Order of St Stanislas for Wilkes' promotion of a railroad route from Russia through India to China. The writer of his Dictionary of American Biography entry described him as a "master of a vigorous style that exactly suited his hard truculent disposition".[1] Patricia Cohen, author of a history of Helen Jewett's life and murder, described Wilkes' as having an "articulate wit and a talent for sarcastic social criticism".[22]

Notes

1. "Flash" in the slang of the time was a description of the style of men who frequented the brothels of the city. It was mostly used as an adjective with connotations of being phony or deceptive.[2]
2. In 1849 Wilkes also published a pamphlet version of the trial transcript, titled The Trial of Richard P. Robinson, Before the Court of Oyer and Terminer on the 2nd of June, 1836, for the Murder of Ellen Jewett, on the Night of the 9th of April, 1836.[8]
3. The letters have since disappeared along with the hatchet. It's likely that Wilkes never returned them to the district attorney's office.[9]
4. The exact date of Wilkes' move to California is unclear. His entry in the Dictionary of American Biography states he moved in 1849.[1] Donald E. Hargis, writing in the California Historical Society Quarterly, stated it was in 1850.[10] Alexander Saxton stated it was 1852 in an article in the American Quarterly.[11]
5. Other sources state that Wilkes sold the Gazette shortly after his purchase of the Spirit of the Times in 1856, and that Matsell was the publisher of the Gazette through the American Civil War.[13] Another possible date for the sale of the Gazette is 1857.[1]

Citations

1. "Wilkes, George" Dictionary of American Biography Volume X p. 218
2. Cohen Murder of Helen Jewett p. 378 note 8
3. Cohen Murder of Helen Jewett p. 179
4. Cohen Murder of Helen Jewett p. 192
5. Mott History of American Magazines 1741–1850 pp. 328, 418 and footnote 132
6. Quoted in Mott History of American Magazines 1741–1850 p. 418
7. Cohen Murder of Helen Jewett p. 357
8. Cohen Murder of Helen Jewett p. 362 footnote 2
9. Cohen Murder of Helen Jewett pp. 218–220
10. Hargis "Straight Towards His Heart" California Historical Society Quarterly p. 197
11. Saxton "George Wilkes" American Quarterly pp. 443–444
12. Hargis "Straight Towards His Heart" California Historical Society Quarterly pp. 198–199
13. Betts "Sporting Journalism" American Quarterly p. 42
14. Yates William T. Porter pp. 195–196
15. Mott History of American Magazines 1850–1865 p. 203
16. Betts "Sporting Journalism" American Quarterly p. 42 and footnote 3
17. Betts "Sporting Journalism" American Quarterly p. 46
18. New York County Canvassers Board County of New York November elections, 1871 p. 2029
19. Saxton "George Wilkes" American Quarterly p. 449
20. Staff "George Wilkes' Will" New York Times
21. Staff "The Letter Came Too Late" New York Times
22. Cohen Murder of Helen Jewett p. 191

References

• Betts, John Rickards (Spring 1953). "Sporting Journalism in Nineteenth-Century America". American Quarterly. 5 (1): 39–56. doi:10.2307/3031289. JSTOR 3031289.
• Cohen, Patricia Cline (1998). The Murder of Helen Jewett: The Life and Death of a Prostitute in Nineteenth-Century New York. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-679-41291-3.
• Hargis, Donald E.; Wilkes, George (September 1959). ""Straight Towards His Heart" George Wilkes' Eulogy of David C. Broderick". California Historical Society Quarterly. 38 (3): 197–217. doi:10.2307/25155260. JSTOR 25155260.
• Malone, Dumas, ed. (1936). "Wilkes, George". Dictionary of American Biography. X. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. OCLC 4171403.
• Mott, Frank Luther (1938). A History of American Magazines 1741–1850. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. OCLC 1893743.
• Mott, Frank Luther (1957). A History of American Magazines 1850–1865. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. OCLC 310494316.
• New York County Canvassers Board (1871). County of New York November elections, 1871, Volume 2. New York Printing Company.
• Saxton, Alexander (Autumn 1981). "George Wilkes: The Transformation of a Radical Ideology". American Quarterly. 33 (4): 437–458. doi:10.2307/2712527. JSTOR 2712527.
• Staff (October 10, 1885). "George Wilkes' Will to be Contested on Grounds of Undue Influence" (PDF). The New York Times.
• Staff (September 27, 1885). "The Letter Came Too Late" (PDF). The New York Times.
• Yates, Norris W. (1977) [1957]. William T. Porter and the Spirit of the Times: A Study of the Big Bear School of Humor (Arno Press reprint ed.). New York: Arno Press. ISBN 0-405-10134-1.