Geoplana

Geoplana
	Geoplana vaginuloides
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Platyhelminthes
Class:	Rhabditophora
Order:	Tricladida
Suborder:	Continenticola
Family:	Geoplanidae
Subfamily:	Geoplaninae
Genus:	Geoplana; Stimpson, 1857
Type species
	Planaria vaginuloides; Darwin, 1844

Geoplana is a genus of land planarians from South America.

Taxonomic history

The genus Geoplana was erected in 1857 by William Stimpson and included most land planarians with several eyes distributed along the body.[1] Species with only two eyes were placed in the genus Rhynchodemus, while species with a crescent-shaped head were placed in Bipalium.

In the same year, apparently unaware of Stimpson's paper, the naturalist Max Schultze, based on published information and new species collected in Brazil by the naturalist Fritz Müller, also erected a genus named Geoplana, but included all land planarians in it.[2] However, Stimpson's system prevailed.

During most of the 20th century, many new land planarian species, mostly from Australia and South America, were placed in Geoplana. In 1955, Eudóxia Maria Froehlich defined that Geoplana vaginuloides would be the type-species of Geoplana, as it was the first species listed by Stimpson.[3]

In 1990, Robert E. Ogren and Masaharu Kawakatsu published a review of the classification of land planarians and divided Geoplana in four genera: Geoplana, Gigantea, Notogynaphallia and Pasipha. Geoplana retained all species with dorsal testes, a protrusible penis and a female canal entering the genital antrum dorsally. Species with ventral testes, without a protrusible penis or with a female canal entering the genital antrum ventrally were placed in other genera.[4]

During the 21st century, molecular studies revealed that Geoplana sensu Ogren & Kawakatsu was still heterogeneous. A study published in 2013 by Carbayo et al.,[5] based on molecular data, divided Geoplana in 6 genera: Geoplana, Barreirana, Cratera, Matuxia, Obama, and Paraba. Only three species remained as Geoplana,[6] along with several incertae sedis.

Current description

Currently, the genus Geoplana is characterized by having the features described by Ogren & Kawatasu (dorsal testes, a protrusible penis and a female canal entering the genital antrum dorsally) plus several others, such as a slender body with nearly parallel margins, a strongly convex dorsum, monolobulated eyes (i.e., simple and circular, with only one lobe), and a strong muscle tube around the intestine.[5][6]

Species

There are currently only thirteen species certainly belonging to Geoplana:

Geoplana apua Almeida & Carbayo, 2018
Geoplana boraceia Almeida & Carbayo, 2018
Geoplana cambara Almeida & Carbayo, 2018
Geoplana cananeia Almeida & Carbayo, 2018
Geoplana caraguatatuba Almeida & Carbayo, 2018
Geoplana chita Froehlich, 1956
Geoplana ibiuna Almeida & Carbayo, 2018
Geoplana iporanga Almeida & Carbayo, 2018
Geoplana mogi Almeida & Carbayo, 2018
Geoplana paranapiacaba Almeida & Carbayo, 2018
Geoplana piratininga Almeida & Carbayo, 2018
Geoplana pulchella Schultze & Müller, 1857
Geoplana vaginuloides (Darwin, 1844)

Also, there are several species currently considered incertae sedis:

Geoplana alterfusca Hyman, 1962
Geoplana aymara du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1951
Geoplana beckeri Froehlich, 1959
Geoplana bimbergi Fuhrmann, 1914
Geoplana caleta E. M. Froehlich 1978
Geoplana caucaensis Fuhrmann, 1914
Geoplana caya du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1951
Geoplana chalona du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1951
Geoplana chanca E. M. Froehlich, 1978
Geoplana chilihua du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1951
Geoplana chiuna E. M. Froehlich, 1955b
Geoplana chulpa du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1951
Geoplana crawfordi de Beauchamp, 1939
Geoplana excellentissima Negrete, Brusa & Damborenea, 2012
Geoplana fragai Froehlich, 1955b
Geoplana fuhrmanni Hyman, 1962
Geoplana gabriellae du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1951
Geoplana goetschi Riester, 1938
Geoplana guacensis Fuhrmann, 1914
Geoplana irua Fuhrmann, 1914
Geoplana jandira Froehlich, 1955c
Geoplana lama du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1957
Geoplana lambaya du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1958
Geoplana lareta du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1958
Geoplana mayori Fuhrmann, 1914
Geoplana mirim E. M. Froehlich, 1972
Geoplana mixopulla Ogren & Kawakatsu, 1990
Geoplana multipunctata Fuhrmann, 1914
Geoplana pavani Marcus, 1951
Geoplana pichuna du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1951
Geoplana picta Froehlich, 1956a
Geoplana placilla E. M. Froehlich, 1978
Geoplana quagga Marcus, 1951
Geoplana quenua du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1958
Geoplana quichua Marcus, 1951
Geoplana regia E. M. Froehlich, 1955b
Geoplana saima du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1951
Geoplana shapra du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1957
Geoplana takia du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1951
Geoplana talpa du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1951
Geoplana tamboensis Fuhrmann, 1914
Geoplana tirua E. M. Froehlich, 1978
Geoplana toriba Froehlich, 1958
Geoplana ubaquensis Fuhrmann, 1914
Geoplana valdiviana Grau & Carbayo, 2010
Geoplana vicuna du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1957

References

Stimpson, W. (1857). Prodromus descriptionis animalium evertebratorum quæ in Expeditione ad Oceanum, Pacificum Septentrionalem a Republica Federata missa, Johanne Rodgers Duce, observavit er descripsit. Pars I. Turbellaria Dendrocœla. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 9:19-31.
Schultze, M. and Müller, F. (1857). Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Landplanarien. Abhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft zu Halle. 4:61-74.
Froehlich, E. M. (1955). Sobre Espécies Brasileiras do Gênero Geoplana. Boletim da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras da Universidade de São Paulo, Série Zoologia. 19:289-339.
Ogren, R. E. and Kawakatsu, M. (1990). Index to the species of the family Geoplanidae (Turbellaria, Tricladida, Terricola) Part I: Geoplaninae. Bulletin of Fujis Women's College. 29: 79-166.
Carbayo, F.; Álvarez-Presas, M.; Olivares, C. U. T.; Marques, F. P. L.; Froehlich, E. X. M.; Riutort, M. (2013). "Molecular phylogeny of Geoplaninae (Platyhelminthes) challenges current classification: Proposal of taxonomic actions". Zoologica Scripta. 42 (5): 508. doi:10.1111/zsc.12019.
Almeida, A.L.; Marques, F.P.L.; Carbayo, F. (2019). "'Endless forms most beautiful': taxonomic revision of the planarian Geoplana vaginuloides (Darwin, 1844) and discovery of numerous congeners (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 185 (1): 1–65. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zly022.

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[Stimpson1857-1] Stimpson, W. (1857). Prodromus descriptionis animalium evertebratorum quæ in Expeditione ad Oceanum, Pacificum Septentrionalem a Republica Federata missa, Johanne Rodgers Duce, observavit er descripsit. Pars I. Turbellaria Dendrocœla. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 9:19-31.

[Schultze1857-2] Schultze, M. and Müller, F. (1857). Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Landplanarien. Abhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft zu Halle. 4:61-74.

[EMFroehlich1955-3] Froehlich, E. M. (1955). Sobre Espécies Brasileiras do Gênero Geoplana. Boletim da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras da Universidade de São Paulo, Série Zoologia. 19:289-339.

[Ogren90-4] Ogren, R. E. and Kawakatsu, M. (1990). Index to the species of the family Geoplanidae (Turbellaria, Tricladida, Terricola) Part I: Geoplaninae. Bulletin of Fujis Women's College. 29: 79-166.

[Carbayo2013-5] Carbayo, F.; Álvarez-Presas, M.; Olivares, C. U. T.; Marques, F. P. L.; Froehlich, E. X. M.; Riutort, M. (2013). "Molecular phylogeny of Geoplaninae (Platyhelminthes) challenges current classification: Proposal of taxonomic actions". Zoologica Scripta. 42 (5): 508. doi:10.1111/zsc.12019.

[Almeida2019-6] Almeida, A.L.; Marques, F.P.L.; Carbayo, F. (2019). "'Endless forms most beautiful': taxonomic revision of the planarian Geoplana vaginuloides (Darwin, 1844) and discovery of numerous congeners (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 185 (1): 1–65. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zly022.