Gaius Sentius Saturninus (consul 19 BC)

Gaius Sentius Saturninus (fl. late 1st century BC – 1st century AD) was a Roman senator and military officer who was appointed Roman consul in 19 BC. He served as the proconsular governor of Africa, and later as imperial governor of Syria. He then served several times as a senior military officer working with the future emperor Tiberius in campaigns against the Marcomanni, gaining the distinction of being awarded triumphal ornaments. Later he campaigned in Germania and Illyria.

Gaius Sentius Saturninus
Consul of the Roman Republic
In office January – Autumn 19 BC Serving with Quintus Lucretius Vespillo
Preceded by	Marcus Appuleius with Publius Silius Nerva
Succeeded by	Marcus Vinicius
Personal details
Children	Gaius Sentius Saturninus Gnaeus Sentius Saturninus Lucius Sentius Saturninus,
Awards	Ornamenta triumphalia
Military service
Allegiance	Roman Empire
Commands	Governor of Africa Governor of Syria
Battles/wars	German Wars Great Illyrian Revolt

Biography

Gaius Sentius Saturninus was a novus homo (Latin for "new man"), the term used in ancient Rome for a man who was the first in his family to serve in the Roman Senate or, more specifically, to be elected as consul. He could trace descent from a senatorial family from Atina.[1] His father was a senator who supported Sextus Pompey, serving as an envoy on his behalf to Marcus Antonius in Greece in 40 BC, but at some point he switched allegiance to Octavian, who was later to become emperor as Augustus.[2]

He served as a senior military officer, but details of his career are not known.[3] In 19 BC he was elected consul, the highest honour of the Roman state.[4] By this period it was in the effective gift of Emperor Augustus and candidates were chosen carefully by him.[5] Apparently Augustus intended to be the other consul, but he never took office and at some point through his term Saturninus was joined by Quintus Lucretius Vespillo. Saturninus' period as a consul ended at some point between 1 August and 12 October and Marcus Vinicius served out the rest of the year. During his period in office Saturninus intervened to prevent the candidature of the demagogue Marcus Egnatius Rufus, whom he imprisoned and then executed.[6]

As a member of the Quindecimviri sacris faciundis, one of the most prestigious colleges (collegia) of state high priests, Saturninus played a major role in the Saecular Games of 17 BC.[7]

In 14 or 13 BC, Saturninus was appointed the proconsular governor of Africa. This roughly corresponded with modern Tunisia and was an important post as the province was a major source of imported food for the city of Rome.[8]

Syria

The Roman Empire under Augustus

From 9 BC – 7 BC Saturninus served as Legatus Augusti pro praetore (imperial governor) of the Roman province of Syria. During his time as governor of Syria, he was caught up in the intrigues of the Herodian family. Following instructions from Augustus, he convened a council at Berytus to rule on accusations of treason made by Herod the Great against his sons Aristobulus and Alexander. Saturninus suggested a ruling of mercy, supported by his staff which included Saturninus' three sons, who were his legates. However, the procurator, the chief financial officer of the province, along with the majority of the council, voted against Herod's sons, resulting in their condemnation and execution.[9]

Tertullian (c. 160 – 225 AD), the Christian law expert from Carthage in North Africa, wrote that Jesus was born while Gaius Sentius Saturninus was legate of Syria. In combination with other sources this suggests Jesus was born in 8 or 7 BC.[10] There was no Roman governor in Judaea at this time. Direct Roman rule came into force with the banishment of Herod's son, Herod Archelaus in 6 AD. Most authorities, such as Syme, disagree with this date and favour a later date of 4 BC for the birth of Christ. This is considered unlikely by most experts, considering the date of King Herod's death (probably 4 BC) and the events which preceded it.[11]

Germania

After his posting in Syria, Saturninus was posted to a senior military command in the west. In 6 BC Tiberius, the future emperor, launched a pincer movement against the Marcomanni. He set out to the northwest from Carnuntum on the Danube with four legions. Meanwhile, Saturninus departed heading east from Moguntiacum on the Rhine with two or three legions, passing through newly annexed Hermunduri territory, and attacked the Marcomanni from the west. The campaign was a resounding success, but Tiberius could not subjugate the Marcomanni because he was summoned to the Rhine frontier to protect Rome's new conquests in Germania.[12] In AD 4 Saturninus replaced Marcus Vicinius in Germania, and for the next two years served under the command of Tiberius. During this time he was awarded the ornamenta triumphalia, "triumphal ornaments" or an ovation; Augustus had restricted full triumphs to members of the imperial family. His final campaign in Germany was in AD 6, when he marched from Moguntiacum, and was meant to join up with Tiberius who was marching from Carnuntum, with the intent of crushing King Maroboduus and the Marcomanni. However, the Great Illyrian Revolt forced them to return, and Saturninus was replaced in Germania by Publius Quinctilius Varus.[13]

Personal life

Saturninus was a described as energetic and valorous by Marcus Velleius Paterculus. He had three sons, two of whom reached the consulate: Gaius Sentius Saturninus, consul in AD 4; Gnaeus Sentius Saturninus, consul for part of the same year; his third son was Lucius Sentius Saturninus, who disappears from the historical record after his father’s governorship of Syria.[14]

Footnotes

1. Syme, pg. 44
2. Broughton III, pg. 191
3. Syme, pg. 393
4. Attilio Degrassi, I fasti consolari dell'Impero Romano dal 30 avanti Cristo al 613 dopo Cristo (Rome, 1952), p. 4
5. Mennen, pg. 129
6. Syme, pg. 42
7. CIL VI, 32323 = ILS 5050 English translation in Robert K. Sherk, The Roman Empire: Augustus to Hadrian (Cambridge: University Press, 1988), pp. 20-24
8. Syme, pg. 45
9. Syme, pg. 322
10. Graham, pp. 20-25
11. Syme, pg. 340
12. Syme, pg. 85
13. Syme, pg. 325
14. Syme, pg. 426

References

• Graham, Daryn. "Luke's Census and Dating the Birth of Christ" in Archaeological Diggings Volume 20, #6-2013, Issue 119, December 2013-January 2014.
• Mennen, Inge, Power and Status in the Roman Empire, AD 193–284 (2011) Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9789004203594
• Tertullian, Against Marcion, 4, 19
• Broughton, T. Robert S., The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, Vol III (1986)
• Syme, Ronald, The Augustan Aristocracy (1986). Clarendon Press. Retrieved 2012-09-21  – via Questia (subscription required)