Gagik I Artsruni

Gagik I Artsruni (Armenian: Գագիկ Ա Արծրունի; 879/880 – 943) was an Artsruni ruler of the kingdom of Vaspurakan in southern Armenia, first as prince of northwestern Vaspurakan (Gagik III, 904–908) and after that until his death as king, claiming also the title of King of Armenia from the Bagratid line.

Gagik I Artsruni
King of Vaspurakan
Depiction of Gagik in the central medallion, from the eastern facade of the Church of the Holy Cross
Reign	904–937/943
Investiture	908
Predecessor	Ashot-Sargis Artsruni
Successor	Derenik-Ashot
Born	879/880
Died	943
Consort	Grigoradukht (daughter of Grigor Abuhamza Artsruni) Mlke (granddaughter of Ashot I)[1]
Issue	Derenik-Ashot Abusahl-Hamazasp Khedenik[2]
Armenian	Գագիկ Ա Արծրունի
House	Artsruni

Background

Since the end of the 7th century, Armenia was under Arab dominion and headed by an ostikan (governor) representing the Umayyad, and later Abbasid caliphates,[3] and was the scene of numerous battles against the Byzantine Empire since the 9th century.[4] To strengthen the Arab authority, these ostikans were implanted into various regions of Armenian emirs; the historical province of Vaspurakan was no exception to this.[5] In opposition, the Armenian nobility created ishkhans (princes) to gradually extend their authority in the region.[6][7]

Biography

Youth and regency

Second son of Grigor-Derenik Artsruni, the Prince of Vaspurakan, and Sophia Bagratuni, the daughter of King Ashot I of Armenia, Gagik was born in 879 or 880.[8] Upon the death of Grigor-Derenik in 887, Gagik Apumrvan Artsruni became regent of Vaspurakan (and later ishksan) and was given Grigor-Derenik's three children Gagik, Ashot-Sargis, and Gurgen.[9] In response to Gagik Apumrvan Artsruni's defection in a military operation ordered by Smbat I, Gagik I Artsruni killed Gagik Apumrvan Artsruni and Ashot-Sargis was given the regency.[10] In response to this, Smbat I promoted Gagik to the rank of general and Gurgen to marzpan (governor).[11]

Ishkhan

Gagik succeeded his elder brother Ashot-Sargis as ishkhan in 904[12] and allowed Gourgen to rule over the southeastern possessions of the Artsruni family; both worked well together until the death of Gurgen in 923.[13] After various rebel attacks,[14] Gagik developed a talent for creating military and political strategies and worked towards decreasing the number of Muslim enclaves of Vaspurakan.[15]

King

Gagik was an ally of the Sajid emir of Azerbaijan Yusuf ibn Abi'l-Saj, from whom he received recognition as king in 908, against the Bagratid Smbat I.[16] His state was recognized by the Byzantine Empire, who awarded him the title of "prince of princes" traditionally borne by the pre-eminent Armenian ruler, and his legitimacy received a further boost when the Armenian catholicos, John V the Historian, abandoned Muslim-ruled Dvin for Vaspurakan in 924. However, Gagik later reversed his position and allied himself with Smbat's son and successor, Ashot II. He is also notable as the founder of the Armenian Cathedral of the Holy Cross.[15]

References

1. Hayk Khachʻatryan, Nouné Sekhpossian, Barbara J. Merguerian, Queens of the Armenians: 150 biographies based on history and legend (2001), p. 110
2. Rouben Paul Adalian, Historical Dictionary of Armenia (2010), p.110
3. Martin-Hisard 1982, p. 223.
4. Martin-Hisard 1982, p. 231.
5. Martin-Hisard 1982, p. 232.
6. Martin-Hisard 1982, p. 233.
7. Martin-Hisard 1982, p. 234.
8. "Kings of Vaspurakan". Foundation of Medieval Genealogy. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
9. Toumanoff 1990, pp. 102-103.
10. Thierry 1982, p. 275.
11. Jones 2007, p. 23.
12. Thierry 1982, p. 276.
13. Grousset 1947, p. 422.
14. Grousset 1947, p. 423.
15. Jones, p. 115.
16. Grousset 1947, p. 433.

Bibliography

• Martin-Hisard, Bernadette (1982). Arab Domination and Armenian Freedoms (seventh-ninth century). Toulouse: Privat. ISBN 978-2-7089-6874-5.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Toumanoff, Cyrille (1990). The dynasties of Christian antiquity to the Caucasus of xixth century. Rome.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Thierry, Jean-Michel (1982). Northern Kingdom and Southern Kingdom. Privat. ISBN 978-2-7089-6874-5.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Jones, Lynn (2007). Between Islam and Byzantium: Aght'amar and the Visual Construction of Medieval Armenian Rulership. ISBN 978-0754638520.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Grousset, René (1947). History of Armenia from its origins to 1071. Payot. ISBN 978-2-228-88912-4.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Kazhdan, Alexander P., Editor, The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1991, pp. 161, 2154.
• Jones, Lynn. The Church of the Holy Cross and the Iconography of Kingship. 33. Gesta.
• Garsoïan, Nina G. (1997). "The independent kingdoms of medieval Armenia". In Hovhannisian, Richard G. (ed.). The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times. Volume 1, The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 143–185. ISBN 0-312-10169-4.
• Ter-Ghewondyan, Aram (1976). The Arab Emirates in Bagratid Armenia. Transl. Nina G. Garsoïan. Lisbon: Livraria Bertrand. OCLC 490638192.