Frederick Adam

General Sir Frederick Adam GCB GCMG (17 June 1781 – 17 August 1853) was a Scottish major-general at the Battle of Waterloo, in command of the 3rd (Light) Brigade. He was the fourth son of William Adam of Blair Adam and his wife Eleanora, the daughter of Charles Elphinstone, 10th Lord Elphinstone. He was later a Lord High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands, who built Mon Repos, Corfu and other important landmarks in that Protectorate.

General Sir Frederick Adam GCB GCMG
Frederick Adam as painted by William Salter, 1848 or after
Born	17 June 1781 Scotland
Died	17 August 1853 (aged 72)
Allegiance	Kingdom of Great Britain  United Kingdom
Service/branch	British Army, Artillery
Years of service	1795-?
Rank	General
Commands held	3rd (Light) Brigade
Battles/wars	Peninsular War: Battles of Castalla, Alicante, Biar, Ordal War of the Seventh Coalition: Waterloo
Relations	father: William Adam (MP)
Other work	Lord High Commissioner, Ionian Islands Governor of Madras

Military career

At the age of fourteen in 1795, Frederick Adam entered the British Army. He trained at the artillery school at the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich. In the same year he was commissioned as a first lieutenant and in 1796 he was promoted to second lieutenant.

He took part in the campaigns in the Netherlands and Egypt under Sir Ralph Abercromby, he was promoted to the rank of major in 1803 and a lieutenant colonel in 1804. From 1806 to 1811 he was stationed on Sicily. Between 1812 and 1813 he was in Spain fighting in the Peninsular War, where he was severely wounded at Alicante. On 12 April 1813, while commanding the Light Brigade in John Murray's expeditionary force, Adam led a brilliant rearguard action against the corps of Marshal Louis-Gabriel Suchet at Biar. The following day, his 2/27th Foot battalion inflicted 350 casualties on Suchet's 121st Line Regiment during the Battle of Castalla. He was wounded again in an action at Ordal on 13 September 1813.

Waterloo

On 18 June 1815, Adam commanded the 3rd British Brigade in Henry Clinton's 2nd Division at the Battle of Waterloo. At the crisis of the battle, Adam's 1/52nd (Light) Foot performed a left-wheel to enfilade the flank of the French Imperial Guard's main attack while the British Guards engaged the head of the column. Under fire from two directions, the French guardsmen put up a brief resistance then fled. After their unsuccessful attack on the British centre, the Guard rallied to their reserves of three (some sources say four) regiments, just south of La Haye Sainte for a last stand against the British. But a charge from Adam's brigade threw them into a state of confusion and those which were left retreated towards La Belle Alliance. It was during this stand that Colonel Hugh Halkett took the surrender of General Cambronne.

The French Imperial Guard made a last stand in squares on either side of the La Belle Alliance. General Adam's Brigade charged the square which was formed on rising ground to the (British) right of La Belle Alliance and again threw them into a state of confusion. The other square was attacked by the Prussians. The French retreated away from the battle field towards France. The French artillery, and everything else belonging to them, fell into the hands of the British and Prussians.

Battle Order of the 3rd Light Brigade at The Battle of Waterloo

Unit	Commander	Strength	Casualties
3rd (Light) British Brigade	Major General Frederick Adam	2,937 men	698
1/52nd Regiment of Foot (Oxfordshire Light Infantry)	Lt-Colonel Sir John Colborne	1,130	199
1/71st Regiment of Foot (Highland Light Infantry)	Lt-Colonel Reyner	936	202
2/95th Regiment of Foot (Rifles)	Major Norcott	666	247
3/95th Regiment of Foot (Rifles)	Major John Ross	205	50

Later life

Statue by Pavlos Prosalentis in Corfu

From 1817 to 1824, Adam continued his career in the army. Between 1824 and 1832 he was a popular Lord High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands. His commissioning of the construction of public buildings on Corfu was appreciated by the local population.

Mon Repos, Corfu

From 25 October 1832, to 4 March 1837, he was Governor of Madras and, in 1846, he was promoted to general.

Military commands

Incomplete list of military commands:

• 1813 - commanded Anglo-Allied Light Brigade at Biar and Castalla.
• 1813 - commanded Anglo-Allied Advanced Guard at Ordal.
• 1815 - commanded 3rd (Light) British Brigade at Waterloo.
• 1829 - 1835 Colonel of 73rd Perthshire Regiment of Foot.
• 1835 - Colonel of 57th Foot who were stationed in India.
• 1843 - Colonel 21st Fusiliers.

References

• Keegan, John. The Face of Battle. Vintage, 1977.
• Smith, Digby. The Napoleonic Wars Data Book. Greenhill, 1998.