Frans Balthazar Solvyns

Frans Balthazar Solvyns (or François Balt(h)azar(d); also Baltazar Solvijns, Frans Balthazar Solvijns, Balthazar Solvijns)[1] (6 July 1760 – 10 October 1824) was a Belgian marine painter and journeyman artist, who lived in Calcutta (present-day Kolkata) between 1791 and 1803. He is considered one of the early pioneers in the field of print-making in India, along with Thomas Daniell.[2][3][4]

Road in Bengal

His collection of etchings provide a portrait of Calcutta's 18th century history, and the people and customs of Bengal. His encyclopedic and systematic approach made him a pioneer of the systematic ethnography of the Indian population. His work had an important influence on 19th century Indian painting.[4][5]

Life
Portrait of Il Netunno, later Marquis Cornwallis

Solvyns was born in Antwerp in 1760. He studied from 1775 to 1778 at the Academy of Fine Arts in Antwerp with Andreas Bernardus de Quertenmont. On 30 April 1778 he enrolled in Paris at the Ecole de l'Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture.[1] He pursued a career as a marine painter. His work as a painter and graphic artist enjoyed the appreciation of the Austrian government in Brussels. As a result, he received government commissions to paint harbour views, including paintings of Antwerp shipping companies. The government's appreciation was also reflected in his appointment - at the age of sixteen - as captain of Fort Lillo on the left bank of the river Scheldt in Antwerp. Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen, wife of the Governor of the Austrian Netherlands Albert Casimir, Duke of Teschen, particularly favoured him. Thanks to her intervention, he was appointed captain of Laken Castle, the residence of the governors near Brussels. As the appointment was purely symbolic, Solvyns was free to pursue his artistic career. He was commissioned by the government to make a large painting of the port of Ostend. The painting was successful and was soon copied and widely distributed through engravings by the Frenchman Robert Daudet.[6]

After the Brabant Revolution and the forced departure of the Austrians from the Austrian Netherlands in 1789, he decided to board in Ostend the ship Etrusco which set sail for Bengal. He arrived in Calcutta in 1791. He initially worked as journeyman artist making decorations for the upper middle class in the British factory, ensuring the luster of their festivals and spectacles, restoring works of art and decorating carriages. Solvyns made several trips through the interior of the Indian subcontinent. Inspired by the British Orientalist and Sanskrit scholar Sir William Jones who had founded the Asiatic Society, he devised in 1794 the scheme to create a series of etchings that depict the everyday life of the inhabitants of the subcontinent.[6]

Ramsinga

He published his first collection of about 250 etchings under the title A Collection of Two Hundred and Fifty Coloured Etchings: Descriptive of the Manners, Customs and Dresses of the Hindoos in Calcutta in 1796. More etchings followed in 1799. His etchings covered the castes and their professions, costumes, means of transportation, modes of smoking, fakirs, musical instruments, and festivals.[2][5] The project was a financial failure. The reason for the failure may have been that according to the prevailing European artistic tastes of his time his drawings were too monotonous and somber in colour. The themes themselves appealed to the popular imagination, and Edward Orne, a publisher in London, published in 1807 without permission of Solvyns a successful pirate version, dedicated to the costumes, with redesigned prints in warmer colours.[6]

After the failure of his project Solvyns returned to Europe in 1803.[4] Solvyns married the wealthy Mary Anne Greenwood, daughter of an English family residing in Ghent. The couple had three children. Their youngest son Henri Solvyns acquired fame as a Belgian diplomat.[6] In France, he reworked his etchings for a bilingual French/English edition (translated into English by his wife) entitled Les Hindous, which was published in Paris in four volumes between 1808 and 1812 with the financial assistance of his wife. The publication comprised 48 parts with a total of 288 colour-printed plates, all finished by hand.[7] This publication was again a commercial failure possibly as a result of the unrest caused by the Napoleonic wars, its high cost of production and the lack of interest among the local populace.[4] The publication was to become an influential model for the so-called 'Company style' of Indian painting in the 19th century with its drawings of 'occupations' for the British serving in India.[7]

After the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which included the former Austrian Netherlands, was formed in 1814 Solvyns returned to his birthplace Antwerp. William I of the Netherlands appointed him Captain of the Port in recognition of his accomplishments as an artist. Solvyns died in Anwerp in 1824.[2][4][5]

Legacy
The Residence of Richard Goodlad at Baruipur

Solvyns was widely forgotten until he was rediscovered through portrayals in articles, journals, and a publication - A Portrait of the Hindus: Balthazar Solvyns & the European Image of India 1760-1824 (Oxford University Press, 2004) by Robert L. Hardgrave, Jr. and co-author Stephen A. Slawek.[5][8] From the late 1980s, his works have seen a more systematic utilisation and his etchings have been republished in their entirety on the internet.

Works
  • A Collection of Two Hundred and Fifty Coloured Etchings: Descriptive of the Manners, Customs and Dresses of the Hindoos, Calcutta, 1796, 1799.
  • A Catalogue of 250 Coloured Etchings; Descriptive of the Manners, Customs, Character, Dress, and Religious Ceremonies of the Hindoos, Calcutta: Mirror Press, 1799 (a 28 page-brochure).
  • Les Hindoûs, 4 vols. Paris: Chez L'Auteur, 1808-1812.
  • The Costume of Indostan [pirated edition], London: Edward Orme [1804-05], 1807.

References
  • Vandersmissen, Jan, "SOLVYNS (François Balthazar)", in Biographical Dictionary of Overseas Belgians, Brussels: Royal Academy of Overseas Sciences, 2012, online.
  • Hardgrave, Robert L. Jr., A Portrait of the Hindus: Balthazar Solvyns and the European Image of India, 1760-1824, New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.
  • Hostyn, N., "Solvyns, Frans-Balthasar", in Nationaal Biografisch Woordenboek, vol. X, Brussels: Koninklijke Academie van België, 1983, col. 594-599.
  •  Borchgrave, de (Baron), "SOLVYNS (François Balthazar)", in Biographie Nationale, vol. XXII, Bruxelles: Académie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique, 1921-1924, col. 134-138.
  •  De Paepe, P., "Biographie Belge: Balthazard Solvyns, d'Anvers", Revue Belge, vol. 7, 1837, p. 83-92.
  •  Delvenne, Guillaume, Biographie du royaume des Pays-Bas, Liège: J. Desoer, vol. 2, 1829, p. 417-418.
  • L(esbroussart), Philibert, "Notice biographique sur François-Balthazar Solvyns, auteur des Hindous", Messager des sciences et des arts. Recueil (Ghent), 1826, p. 68-76.

Further reading
  • Portrait of the Hindus: Balthazar Solvyns & the European image of India, 1760-1824. Oxford University Press in association with Mapin Pub., 2004. ISBN 0-19-522041-2, 9780195220414

References
  1. Frans Balthazar Solvyns at the Netherlands Institute for Art History (in Dutch)
  2. "SOLVYNS, Frans Balthazar - Les Hindous, ou description de leurs moeurs, coutumes et ceremonies". Find-a-book.com. Retrieved 2012-02-10.
  3. "Baltazard Solvyns in Calcutta - 1791-1804". Laits.utexas.edu. Retrieved 2012-02-10.
  4. "SOLVYNS, Baltazar - Les Hindous - p.140-141" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-02-10.
  5. The Solvyns Project - Robert L. Hardgrave, Jr. - The University of Texas at Austin
  6. Jan Vandersmissen, SOLVYNS (François Balthazar) (in Dutch)
  7. SOLVYNS, Frans Balthazar (1760-1824) Les Hindoûs Archived 2014-12-29 at the Wayback Machine at Donald A. Head
  8. "Robert L. Hardgrave, Jr. - Temple professor Emeritus in the Humanities, Government and Asian Studies". Webspace.utexas.edu. Archived from the original on 2012-04-15. Retrieved 2012-02-10.
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