Ford L series

The Ford L-series (also named Ford Louisville or, for the 1990s aerodynamic models, Ford Aeromax) is a range of heavy-duty trucks that were assembled and marketed by Ford between 1970 and 1998. Ford had been producing their "Heavy Duty" trucks since 1948 and their "Super Duty" lineup since 1958 marketed by various GVW ratings. Truck weight classifications 1-8 were a new concept brought about by the DOT National Highway Administration. The first dedicated Class 8 truck produced by the company, the L-series range replaced the F-series "Super Duty" and N-series (short conventional derived from the F-series). Produced as both straight trucks and semitractors, the Ford L-series encompassed a wide range of models through the Class 6-8 GVWR ratings in medium-duty, severe-service, and vocational applications. The line would become one of the most popular series of trucks Ford ever produced.[1]

Ford L-series trucks
1989 Ford LN8000 single-axle dump truck
Overview
Type	Medium-duty truck Heavy-duty truck
Manufacturer	Ford Motor Company
Production	1970-1998 1997-2009 (as Sterling)
Assembly	United States: Louisville, Kentucky, (Kentucky Truck Assembly) Australia: Brisbane (1975-1990s)
Body and chassis
Class	Class 6-8 truck
Layout	Conventional cab
Chronology
Predecessor	Ford F series Super Duty and N series
Successor	Ford F-650/F-750 Super Duty (for Ford) Sterling Trucks: A-Line, L-Line, Acterra

The L series was produced in the Kentucky Truck Plant near Louisville, Kentucky, which gave rise to the nickname "Louisville Line" trucks[1]; as part of a 1996 redesign, part of the model line officially took on the Louisville nameplate.

Following the sale of the Ford heavy-truck line to Freightliner in 1996, the L-series was discontinued by Ford at the end of 1998. Freightliner would concurrently take over production of the Ford L-series, opening its Sterling Trucks subsidiary; the L-series became the Sterling A line, Acterra, and L line, remaining in production until 2009 when Sterling Trucks closed operations.

Background

In 1963, Ford produced its first short BBC conventional with the introduction of the N-series Super Duty, supplementing the Super Duty models of the F-series. As Ford did with the H-series cabover (derived from the C-series and nicknamed the "Two-Story Falcon"), an all-new chassis raised the cab upward; while sharing its grille with the H-series, the N-series shared its cab with the F-series pickup trucks.

By the 1960s, Ford sought to modernize and streamline its heavy-truck line. In 1961, the heavy-duty F-series (F-750 to F-1100) became a larger, separate model line along with introduction of the all new H-series Linehauler. In 1966, the H-series was replaced by the all-new W-series cabover. In a change from adapting the F-series to become a heavy truck and to replace the N-series, Ford began design work on an all-new truck range, which became the L-series. With an all-new heavier-duty chassis, the L-series also featured a larger cab; to improve serviceability, the design included a front-hinged hood.

First generation (1970–1995)

1973 Ford L600 box truck

Ford L9000 Fire tank truck

1981 Ford LTS 9000 cement mixer

For 1970, the L-series was introduced in four size ranges, two hood lengths and grille styles, and with single or tandem (denoted by the "T" in the model designation) rear axles. Powertrains included a wide range of gasoline and diesel engines, based on GVWR.

In 1971, Ford introduced a set-back front axle configuration. For the rest of the 1970s, the L-series saw few major changes. In 1976, the LL/LTL-9000 was introduced. Designed as a truck for long-haul drivers, the LTL-9000 was a competitor to the GMC General, Kenworth W900, Mack Super-Liner, and Peterbilt 359. Fitted with a set-forward front axle and a longer hood, this version had more room for larger powertrains. In 1978, Ford gave the LL/LTL-9000 its own grille and headlight styling, including one of the first uses of the Ford Blue Oval in North America.

Ford LTL9000 dump truck

Although the L-series would see few revisions throughout its production, elements of its design would see use in other Ford vehicles. In 1974, the W-series cabover received a larger grille similar to the chrome version on the L series. For 1978, the F-series/Bronco grille was given a similar egg-crate grille pattern. In the 1980 redesign of the medium-duty F- series, the hexagonal shape of the grille was carried over; it is a theme used in all Super Duty trucks since their 1998 introduction.

In 1984 (as 1985 model year), the rest of the L-series became one of the last North American Fords to adopt the Ford Blue Oval; as with the LTL-9000, it was placed above the grille. In 1988, the L-series changed its grille design from an egg-crate design to that of horizontal chrome bars; the Ford Blue Oval became centered. In addition, rectangular headlights became standard in 1991.

1992 saw the introduction of the set-back front axle version of the LL/LTL-9000, designated the LLS and LTLS-9000, along with the corresponding Aeromax versions that had more aerodynamic bumpers and optional chassis skirting.

Aeromax (1988–1995)

1995 Ford Aeromax dump truck

As a response to the aerodynamic Kenworth T600, for 1988, Ford introduced its own aerodynamic semitractor. Named AeroMax L9000, the new design was an extensive upgrade of the L-9000. While sharing the same cab and the hood of the medium hood LS-9000, the Aeromax used a set-back front axle to add a form-fitting front bumper with swept front fenders. For the first time in a North American truck, automotive-style composite headlights were used. Other aerodynamic enhancements included skirted fuel tanks and a specially designed "Aero Bullet" sleeper unit. The Aeromax L9000 was one of the most aerodynamic trucks in North America upon its introduction in 1988.[2]

Following its introduction as a semitractor, the AeroMax line expanded into the vocational truck lineup alongside the rest of the Ford L series. A later LA-8000 was introduced for "Baby 8" intra-city delivery.

1992 saw the introduction of the extended hood, set-back front axle Aeromaxes, designated LLA and LTLA-9000. These featured optional full-length chassis skirting, along with the same aero headlights and bumpers of the older medium hood LA series.

Models

The L-series came in a total of four size ranges, designated by GVWR. As with previous Ford heavy-truck tradition, gasoline-engine trucks received a three-digit model number while diesel-engine trucks were given a four-digit model number. L-600/L-6000 and L-700/L-7000 series were Class 6/7 medium-duty trucks, typically sold as straight trucks. L-800/L-8000 trucks were Class 8 trucks, typically sold in severe-service configurations. L-900/L-9000 chassis were available in all axle configurations, but were typically sold as semitractors; the LTL-9000 was only sold with a diesel engine.

1973–1977 Models

Model[3][4]	Max. GVWR[lower-alpha 1]	Engine[lower-alpha 2]	Trans[lower-alpha 3]
LN 600	24,000 lb (11,000 kg)	361 V8	5M, 4A
LN 700/7000	27,500 lb (12,500 kg)	361 V8/V175	10M, 4A
L 800/8000	35,000 lb (16,000 kg)	361 V8/V175	13 M
LT 800	46,000 lb (21,000 kg)	475 V8[lower-alpha 4]	13M
LT 8000	61,000 lb (28,000 kg)[lower-alpha 5]	V-225[lower-alpha 4]
L 900/9000	35,000 lb (16,000 kg)	401 V8/NH230
LT 900/9000	61,000 lb (28,000 kg)[lower-alpha 5]	475 V8 / 3406[lower-alpha 4]	5x4M
LL 9000
LTL 9000
LTLS 9000[lower-alpha 6]

Powertrain

Almost all models had at least one engine option, the 9000 series had several. The 600–800 series had a Ford 361 V8 standard, 700–900 had a 475 V8 optional. The 900 series had a 401 V8 standard. In 1977 the 361 V8 was replaced by a 370, and the 401 V8 was replaced by a 429; the 475 V8 remained an option.

The 7000 and 8000 series had a Caterpillar V175 standard, the 7000 had a V200 and the 8000 had a V225 available. The 9000 series had a Cummins NH230 standard, Cummins N series up to 350 hp (260 kW) and Caterpillar 3406 series up to 375 hp (280 kW) were optional.

1973 engines (not all are shown.)

Model[5]	Displacement	Type[lower-alpha 7]	Power	Torque	Notes
Ford 361 V8	361 cu in (5.9 l)	G V8	138 hp (103 kW)	250 lb⋅ft (340 N⋅m)	Std 6/7/800
Ford 401 V8	401 cu in (6.6 l)	G V8	171 hp (128 kW)	274 lb⋅ft (371 N⋅m)	Std 900
Cat. V175	522 cu in (8.6 l)	D V8	175 hp (130 kW)	352 lb⋅ft (477 N⋅m)	Std 7/8000
Cat. V225	636 cu in (10.4 l)	D V8	225 hp (168 kW)	530 lb⋅ft (720 N⋅m)	Opt 8000
Cum. NH230	855 cu in (14.0 l)	D I6	230 hp (170 kW)		Std 9000
Cum. NTC350	855 cu in (14.0 l)	DT I6	350 hp (260 kW)		Opt 9000
Cat. 3406	893 cu in (14.6 l)	DT I6	375 hp (280 kW)	1,091 lb⋅ft (1,479 N⋅m)	Opt 9000

Second generation (1996–1998)

1996–1998 Ford Louisville in Poland

Ford Aeromax 9500 in Europe

For 1996, the Ford heavy-truck lines were redesigned, the second-generation heavy-truck line was nearly exclusively for Class 8 weight ranges.

Chassis weights were increased, front axle GAWRs[lower-alpha 8] were available up to 20,000 lb (9,100 kg), single rear axles to 23,000 lb (10,000 kg) as before, and tandem rear axles to 46,000 lb (21,000 kg). On tandems a walking beam type was standard and 2 different air suspensions were available.

In the redesign, both the Aeromax and Louisville gained a wider cab with a sloping windshield. Although Aeromax models would lose their composite headlights, it gained a much larger slope to the hood. To aid ergonomics, the Aeromax and Louisville would borrow many interior controls from other Ford vehicles. Another redesign was the grille bars, in the second generation the trucks that had extended frame bumpers knocked of the "middle" full painted piece off the grille.

Models

As was the case previously, the heavy truck line was split into aerodynamically optimized semitractors (the newly renamed Aeromax 9500) and vocational/severe-service trucks. In the case of the latter, the popularity of the Louisville nickname led Ford to drop the L-series nomenclature and adopt the Louisville nameplate officially.

1996 models

Model[6]	Max. GVWR[lower-alpha 1]	Engine	Trans
LN 6000	35,000 lb (16,000 kg)
LN 7000	35,000 lb (16,000 kg)
L 8000	35,000 lb (16,000 kg)	mid-range
LT 8000	64,000 lb (29,000 kg)[lower-alpha 9]	mid-range
L 9000	35,000 lb (16,000 kg)
LT 9000	64,000 lb (29,000 kg)[lower-alpha 9]
LA 8000[lower-alpha 10]	35,000 lb (16,000 kg)	mid-range
LA 9000[lower-alpha 10]	35,000 lb (16,000 kg)
LTA 9000[lower-alpha 10]	60,000 lb (27,000 kg)
LL 9000	35,000 lb (16,000 kg)
LTL 9000	60,000 lb (27,000 kg)

Powertrain

The second generation didn't offer gasoline or diesel V8s, all engines were inline 6 turbocharged diesels. The Caterpillar 3406 and Cummins N14 (the evolution of the NTC series) continued as heavy duty engines in the 9000 models.

1996 engines (Not all are shown)

Model[6]	Displacement	Type[lower-alpha 11]	Power	Torque
Cat. 3176	611 cu in (10.0 l)	Mid	250 hp (190 kW)	975 lb⋅ft (1,322 N⋅m)
Cat. 3406	893 cu in (14.6 l)	HD E	475 hp (354 kW)	1,650 lb⋅ft (2,240 N⋅m)
Cum. L10	611 cu in (10.0 l)	Mid	260 hp (190 kW)	975 lb⋅ft (1,322 N⋅m)
Cum. N14	855 cu in (14.0 l)	HD E	460 hp (340 kW)	1,650 lb⋅ft (2,240 N⋅m)
DD Series 60	677 cu in (11.1 l)	E O
DD Series 60	775 cu in (12.7 l)	HD E O	450 hp (340 kW)	1,550 lb⋅ft (2,100 N⋅m)

End of Ford production (1998)

Sterling A-Line 9500

At the end of 1996, Ford completed the sale of its heavy-truck operations, selling the rights and production tools of the Louisville, Aeromax, and Cargo to Freightliner. Ford would end production of the Louisville/Aeromax in 1998; the truck lines would re-enter production as Sterling Trucks from 1997 to 2009; both lines were produced concurrently by Ford and Freightliner during 1998.

In 1998 Sterling began production in St. Thomas, Ontario, Canada, of their L-Line 7500, 8500, 9500, and A-Line 9500. A Mercedes Benz diesel was introduced and a very low profile “CarHauler” model was developed, otherwise there was very little change between 1998 and 2008. Production ended in 2009.[7][8][9]

Notes

1. Gross Vehicle Weight Rating is the loaded weight of the truck.
2. Standard engine unless noted.
3. Speeds in manual(M), automatic(A).
4. Highest rated optional engine.
5. LNT 54,000 lb (24,000 kg) LTS 64,000 lb (29,000 kg).
6. From 1992
7. Gasoline (G), diesel (D), turbocharged (T), inline (I), (V), and number of cylinders.
8. Gross Axle Weight Rating is the loaded weight of the axle.
9. LTS 66,000 lb (30,000 kg).
10. Aeromax
11. Mid-range (Mid), heavy Duty (HD), electronic control (E), overhead cam (O)

References

1. 1970 Ford Trucks, by Auto Editors of Consumer Guide
2. 1996 Ford Trucks
3. Ford L Line (sales brocure). Ford Motor Co. 1973.
4. Ford L Line 600-800 Series (sales brocure). Ford Motor Co. 1977. pp. 6–7.
5. Motor's Truck and Diesel Repair Manual (26 ed.). Motor. 1973. pp. 760, 763, 1066. ISBN 0-910992-16-9.
6. 1996 Medium/Heavy Truck Specification Book. Ford Motor Co. 1996. p. VI-21.
7. "Sterling Truck launched with three models". FleetOwner. 1 Mar 1998. Retrieved 28 Aug 2016.
8. "Sterling gets Benz power". Truck News. 1 Dec 2000. Retrieved 28 Aug 2016.
9. "Sterling Truck Sitemap". Daimler Truck North America. 2008. Retrieved 28 Aug 2016.

Resources

• American Truck & Bus Spotter's Guide: 1920–1985, by Tad Burness.
• Ford Trucks Since 1905, by James K. Wagner.
• Ford Heavy Duty Trucks 1948–1998, by Paul G. McLaughlin.
• Ford Truck Chronicles: by the Auto Editors of Consumers Guide.

External links

• Hank's Truck Pictures (Ford)