Fomitopsis pinicola

Fomitopsis pinicola, is a stem decay fungus common on softwood and hardwood trees.[1] Its conk (fruit body) is known as the red-belted conk. The species is common throughout the temperate Northern Hemisphere. It is a decay fungus that serves as a small-scale disturbance agent in coastal rainforest ecosystems. It influences stand structure and succession in temperate rainforests. It performs essential nutrient cycling functions in forests.[2]

Fomitopsis pinicola
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Fungi
Division:	Basidiomycota
Class:	Agaricomycetes
Order:	Polyporales
Family:	Fomitopsidaceae
Genus:	Fomitopsis
Species:	F. pinicola
Binomial name
Fomitopsis pinicola (Sw.) P.Karst. (1881)
Synonyms
Boletus pinicola Sw. (1810)

Fomitopsis pinicola
float Mycological characteristics
	pores on hymenium
	no distinct cap
	hymenium is decurrent
	lacks a stipe
	spore print is yellow
	ecology is saprotrophic
	edibility: inedible

Description

Cap is hoof-shaped or triangular, hard and tough, and up to 30–40 x 25 x 10 cm. Its surface is more or less smooth, at first orange-yellow with a white margin, later dark reddish to brown and then frequently with an orange margin. The pore surface is pale yellow to leather-brown, 3–4 pores per mm. It grows as thick shelves on live and dead coniferous or (less commonly) deciduous trees.[3]

The fruiting body of Fomitopsis pinicola is called the conk. It is a woody, pileate fruiting body with pores lined with basidia on its underside. As in other polypores, the fruiting body is perennial with a new layer of pores produced each year on the bottom of the old pores. The pores are whitish when young and become somewhat brownish in age.[4] This mushroom is inedible[5] due to its woody texture, but it is useful as tinder.

There is currently a splitting of F. pinicola occurring to isolate distinct species that have all previously been classified as F. pinicola. DNA analysis supports splitting F. pinicola into three groups- F. pinicola, F. mounceae, and F. schrenkii.[1] All three seem to be distributed across North America, with F. schrenkii being the most isolated in the Southern United States.[1]

Stem decay characteristics

Most of the stem decay (heart rot) in mature forests that results from this fungus does not interfere with the normal growth and physiological processes of live trees since the vascular system is not affected. It is classified as a brown rot, which primarily degrades cellulose in tree stands. Wood impacted by this fungus may become more brittle and prone to breakage in high winds, and cannot be used for pulp production.[6] This species requires exposed wood of wounds for entry, continuing their decay after the tree dies.

The fruiting bodies of the fungus disperse airborne spores, but the actual degradation of the wood is by the thread-like vegetative part of the fungus inside the trees. The fungus can occur anywhere on roots or the stem, but is most common low on the bole, where frequent wounds promote infection.[7]

Ecology

This stem decay fungi is found on live conifer trees in southeast Alaska such as Western hemlock, Mountain hemlock, White spruce, Lutz spruce and Sitka spruce. The tree stem decay is caused by the fungus when it invades and colonizes the wood of living trees and decomposes the wood before the tree is dead. This brown rot fungus degrades only cellulose, leaving the other primary constituents of wood, lignin, as a considerably less dense but fairly stable residual structure that is suitable for excavation by woodpeckers.[8]

This fungus is normally found on dead conifers, but can also be observed growing on large stem wounds, broken tops, and dead tissue of live trees. In mature forests, these stem decay fungi cause enormous annual wood volume loss of Alaska’s major tree species. Approximately one-third of the old-growth timber board-foot volume in Southeast Alaska is defective, largely due to decay from this type of fungus. Conversely, there is very little decay in young-growth stands without prevalent wounding from commercial thinning activities, wind damage, or animal feeding. By predisposing large old trees to bole breakage and windthrow, stem decays serve as important small-scale disturbance regimes in these temperate rainforest ecosystems where fire and other large-scale disturbances are uncommon. [9]

This stem decay creates canopy gaps, influences stand structure and succession, increases biodiversity, and enhances wildlife habitat. The fungus also performs essential nutrient cycling functions in these forests by decomposing stems, branches, roots, and boles of dead trees. Cavities created by the fungus in standing trees provide crucial habitat for many wildlife species including bears, voles, squirrels, and a number of bird species. The lack of disturbance in these areas and longevity of individual trees allows ample time for this slow-growing decay fungus to cause significant decay. There is a growing interest in acquiring methods to promote earlier development of stem decays in second-growth stands to achieve wildlife and other non-timber objectives.[10]

• 
  Underside of conk showing the typical round pores.
• 
  Younger specimens like these often show more orange colours.

References

1. Haight, John-Erich; Nakasone, Karen K.; Laursen, Gary A.; Redhead, Scott A.; Taylor, D. Lee; Glaeser, Jessie A. (2019-03-04). "Fomitopsis mounceae and F. schrenkii—two new species from North America in the F. pinicola complex". Mycologia. 111 (2): 339–357. doi:10.1080/00275514.2018.1564449. ISSN 0027-5514. PMID 30908115.
2. FS-R10-FHP. 2014. Forest Health Conditions in Alaska 2013. Anchorage, Alaska. USDA Forest Service, Alaska Region. Publication R10-PR-035.81 PAGES 40-42.
3. FS-R10-FHP. 2014. Mushrooms of the National Forests in Alaska. Anchorage, Alaska. USDA Forest Service, Alaska Region. Publication R10-RG-209. PAGES 30 & 31.
4. FS-R10-FHP. 2014. Mushrooms of the National Forests in Alaska. Anchorage, Alaska. USDA Forest Service, Alaska Region. Publication R10-RG-209. PAGES 30 & 31.
5. Phillips, Roger (2010). Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books. p. 309. ISBN 978-1-55407-651-2.
6. FS-R10-FHP. 2014. Forest Health Conditions in Alaska 2013. Anchorage, Alaska. USDA Forest Service, Alaska Region. Publication R10-PR-035.81 PAGES 40-42.
7. FS-R10-FHp. 2014. Managing Heart Rot in Live Trees for Wildlife Habitat in Young-Growth Forests of Coastal Alaska. Anchorage, Alaska. USDA Forest Service, Alaska Region. Publication PNW-GTR-890. PAGES 4 – 9.
8. FS-R10-FHp. 2014. Managing Heart Rot in Live Trees for Wildlife Habitat in Young-Growth Forests of Coastal Alaska. Anchorage, Alaska. USDA Forest Service, Alaska Region. Publication PNW-GTR-890. PAGES 4 – 9.
9. FS-R10-FHP. 2014. Forest Health Conditions in Alaska 2013. Anchorage, Alaska. USDA Forest Service, Alaska Region. Publication R10-PR-035.81 PAGES 40-42.
10. FS-R10-FHP. 2014. Forest Health Conditions in Alaska 2013. Anchorage, Alaska. USDA Forest Service, Alaska Region. Publication R10-PR-035.81 PAGES 40-42.

• "Danske storsvampe. Basidiesvampe" [a key to Danish basidiomycetes] J.H. Petersen and J. Vesterholt eds. Gyldendal. Viborg, Denmark, 1990. ISBN 87-01-09932-9
• Entry of Fomitopsis pinicola at Fungal Databases, Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory Nomenclature Database, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service.
• Large picture & more information