Fistulina hepatica

Fistulina hepatica
Beefsteak fungus
Carlo Vittadini: Fistulina hepatica (1835)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Fungi
Division:
Basidiomycota
Class:
Agaricomycetes
Order:
Agaricales
Family:
Fistulinaceae
Genus:
Fistulina
Species:
F. hepatica
Binomial name
Fistulina hepatica
(Schaeff.) With. (1792)
Synonyms

Boletus hepaticus Schaeff. (1774)
Fistulina buglossoides Bull. (1790)
Boletus hepaticus Vent. (1812)
Hypodrys hepaticus (Schaeff.) Pers. (1825)

'Fistulina hepatica'
float
Mycological characteristics
pores on hymenium
cap is flat or offset
hymenium is decurrent
stipe is bare
spore print is pink
ecology is parasitic
edibility: choice
"Beefsteak mushroom" redirects here. This name can also refer to the potentially lethal Gyromitra esculenta.

Fistulina hepatica (beefsteak fungus, also known as beefsteak polypore, ox tongue, or tongue mushroom) is an unusual bracket fungus classified in the Agaricales, that is commonly seen in Britain, but can be found in North America, Australia, North Africa, Southern Africa and the rest of Europe. As its name suggests, it looks remarkably similar to a slab of raw meat. It has been used as a meat substitute in the past, and can still be found in some French markets. It has a sour, slightly acidic taste. For eating it must be collected young and it may be tough and need long cooking.

Details

The shape resembles a large tongue, and it is rough-surfaced with a reddish-brown colour. The spores are released from minute pores on the creamy-white underside of the fruit body. A younger Fistulina hepatica is a pinkish-red colour, and it darkens with age. It bleeds a dull red juice when cut, with the cut flesh further resembling meat.[1] It is edible and considered choice.[2]

The underside of the fruiting body, from which the spores are ejected, is a mass of tubules. The genus name is a diminutive of the Latin word fistula and means "small tube", whilst the species name hepatica means "liver-like", referring to the consistency of the flesh.

The species is fairly common, and can often be found on oaks and sweet chestnut, from August to the end of autumn, on either living or dead wood. It has a tendency to impart a reddish-brown stain to the living wood of oaks, creating a desirable timber type. In Australia, it can be found growing from wounds on Eucalyptus trees. It causes a brown rot on the trees which it infects.[3]

Relationship to other fungi

Fistulina is classified in the family Fistulinaceae;[4] molecular studies suggest close relations to the agaric mushroom Schizophyllum in the Schizophyllaceae (in the schizophylloid clade), but in the separate sister fistulinoid clade.[5] Fistulina is a cyphelloid genus, meaning that it is closely related to gilled fungi, but its fertile surface consists of smooth cup-shaped elements instead of gills. The underside (the hymenium) is a mass of tubules which represent a "reduced" form of the ancestral gills.

See also

References
  1. N. Arlott, R. Fitter and A. Fitter, Collins Complete Guide: British Wildlife ISBN 1-85927-092-1
  2. Phillips, Roger (2010). Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books. p. 304. ISBN 978-1-55407-651-2.
  3. Funga Nordica. Copenhagen: Nordsvamp. 2008. p. 40 & 250..
  4. Bon, Marcel (1987). The Mushrooms and Toadstools of Britain and North-Western Europe Publisher=Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 978-0-340-39935-4..
  5. See the following two journal references for molecular evidence of the family relationship: Moncalvo, Jean-Marc; Vilgalys, Rytas; Redhead, Scott A.; Johnson, James E.; James, Timothy Y.; Catherine Aime, M.; Hofstetter, Valerie; Verduin, Sebastiaan J.W; Larsson, Ellen; Baroni, Timothy J.; Greg Thorn, R.; Jacobsson, Stig; Clémençon, Heinz; Miller, Orson K. (2002). "One hundred and seventeen clades of euagarics" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 23 (3): 357–400. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00027-1. PMID 12099793., Hibbett, David S.; Binder, Manfred (2002). "Evolution of complex fruiting-body morphologies in homobasidiomycetes". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 269 (1504): 1963–1969. doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.2123. PMC 1691125. PMID 12396494.
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