Finno-Permic languages

The Finno-Permic (Fenno-Permic) or Finno-Permian (Fenno-Permian), or sometimes just Finnic (Fennic), are a proposed subdivision of the Uralic languages which comprises the Balto-Finnic languages, Sami languages, Mordvinic languages, Mari language, Permic languages and likely a number of extinct languages. In the traditional taxonomy of the Uralic languages, Finno-Permic is estimated to have split from Finno-Ugric around 3000–2500 BC, and branched into Permic languages and Finno-Volgaic languages around 2000 BC.[1] Nowadays the validity of the group as a taxonomical entity is being questioned, and the interrelationships of its five branches are debated with little consensus.[2][3]

Finno-Permic
Finnic
Geographic distribution	Northern Fennoscandia, Baltic states, Southwestern, Southeastern, and Ural region of Russia
Linguistic classification	Uralic Finno-Ugric Finno-Permic
Subdivisions	Permic Balto-Finnic Sami Mari Mordvin
Glottolog	None
The Finno-Permic languages

The term Finnic languages has often been used to designate all the Finno-Permic languages, with the term Balto-Finnic used to disambiguate the Finnic languages proper.[4][1] (In Finnish scholarly usage, Finnic most often refers to the Baltic-Finnic languages alone.[5])

Subclassification

The subclassification of the Finno-Permic languages varies among scholars. During the 20th century, most classifications treated Permic vs Finno-Volgaic as the primary division. In the 21st century, Salminen rejected Finno-Permic and Finno-Volgaic entirely.[6] Other classifications treat the five branches of Finno-Permic as follows.

Janhunen (2009)[7]	Häkkinen (2007)[8]	Lehtinen (2007)[9]	Michalove (2002)[10]	Kulonen (2002)[11]
Permic Finno-Volgaic Mari Finno-Samic Sami Finno-Mordvin Mordvin Balto-Finnic & Para-Finnic	Mari-Permic Mari Permic Finno-Mordvin Finnic Sami Mordvin	Permic Finno-Volgaic Mari Mordvin Finno-Samic Sami Balto-Finnic	Permic Mari Sami Mordvin Balto-Finnic	Permic Mari Mordvin Finno-Samic Sami Balto-Finnic

See also

• Proto-Finnic language

References

1. Taagepera, Rein (1999). The Finno-Ugric republics and the Russian state. pp. 32–33. ISBN 0-415-91977-0.
2. Salminen, Tapani (2002). "Problems in the taxonomy of the Uralic languages in the light of modern comparative studies".
3. Aikio, Ante (2019). "Proto-Uralic". In Bakró-Nagy, Marianne; Laakso, Johanna; Skribnik, Elena (eds.). Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 1–4.
4. "Finno-Ugric languages". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2013.
5. See "The Finnic languages" by Johanna Laakso in The Circum-Baltic languages: typology and contact, p. 180.
6. Salminen, Tapani (2007). "Europe and North Asia". In Christopher Moseley (ed.). Encyclopedia of the world's endangered languages. London: Routlegde. pp. 211–280.
7. Janhunen, Juha (2009). "Proto-Uralic—what, where and when?" (PDF). In Jussi Ylikoski (ed.). The Quasquicentennial of the Finno-Ugrian Society. Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia 258. Helsinki: Société Finno-Ougrienne. ISBN 978-952-5667-11-0. ISSN 0355-0230.
8. Häkkinen, Jaakko 2007: Kantauralin murteutuminen vokaalivastaavuuksien valossa. Pro gradu -työ, Helsingin yliopiston Suomalais-ugrilainen laitos. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe20071746
9. Lehtinen, Tapani (2007). Kielen vuosituhannet. Tietolipas. 215. Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura. ISBN 978-951-746-896-1.
10. Michalove, Peter A. (2002) The Classification of the Uralic Languages: Lexical Evidence from Finno-Ugric. In: Finnisch-Ugrische Forschungen, vol. 57
11. Kulonen, Ulla-Maija (2002). "Kielitiede ja suomen väestön juuret". In Grünthal, Riho (ed.). Ennen, muinoin. Miten menneisyyttämme tutkitaan. Tietolipas. 180. Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura. pp. 104–108. ISBN 978-951-746-332-4.

Further reading

• Abondolo, Daniel, ed. (1998). The Uralic Languages. London and New York. ISBN 0-415-08198-X.