Esquivel-Quintana v. Sessions

Esquivel-Quintana v. Sessions, 581 U.S. ___ (2017), is a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States ruled 8–0 that in the context of statutory rape offenses that criminalize sexual intercourse based solely on the ages of the participants, the generic federal definition of “sexual abuse of a minor” requires the age of the victim to be less than 16.[1] Justice Clarence Thomas delivered the majority opinion.[2]

Esquivel-Quintana v. Sessions
Argued February 27, 2017
Decided May 30, 2017
Full case nameJuan Esquivel-Quintana, Petitioner v. Jefferson B. Sessions III, Attorney General
Docket no.16-54
Citations581 U.S. ___ (more)
137 S. Ct. 1562; 198 L. Ed. 2d 22
Opinion announcementOpinion announcement
Case history
PriorAppeal of deportation order dismissed 26 I&N Dec. 469 (B.I.A., 2015); appeal dismissed, 810 F.3d 1019 (6th Cir. 2016); cert. granted, 137 S. Ct. 368 (2016).
Holding
In the context of statutory rape offenses that criminalize sexual intercourse based solely on the ages of the participants, the generic federal definition of “sexual abuse of a minor” requires the age of the victim to be less than 16. Reversed and remanded.
Court membership
Chief Justice
John Roberts
Associate Justices
Anthony Kennedy · Clarence Thomas
Ruth Bader Ginsburg · Stephen Breyer
Samuel Alito · Sonia Sotomayor
Elena Kagan · Neil Gorsuch
Case opinion
MajorityThomas, joined by Roberts, Kennedy, Ginsburg, Breyer, Alito, Sotomayor, Kagan
Gorsuch took no part in the consideration or decision of the case.
Laws applied
Immigration and Nationality Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1101, § 1227

Background

Petitioner, a citizen of Mexico and lawful permanent resident of the United States, pleaded no contest in a California court to a statutory rape offense criminalizing “unlawful sexual intercourse with a minor who is more than three years younger than the perpetrator.”[3] For purposes of that offense, California defines “minor” as “a person under the age of 18.”[4] Based on this conviction, the Department of Homeland Security initiated removal proceedings under the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), which makes removable “[a]ny alien who is convicted of an aggravated felony,” 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii),[5] including “sexual abuse of a minor,” § 1101(a)(43)(A).[6][7] An Immigration Judge ordered petitioner removed to Mexico.[7] The Board of Immigration Appeals agreed that petitioner's crime constituted sexual abuse of a minor and dismissed his appeal.[8] A divided Court of Appeals denied his petition for review.[9]

Opinion of the Court

The Supreme Court examined whether a conviction under a state statute criminalizing consensual sexual intercourse between a 21-year-old and a 17-year-old qualifies as sexual abuse of a minor under the INA.[10] The Court held that it did not.[11]

See also

References
  1. Esquivel-Quintana v. Sessions, No. 16–54, 581 U.S. ___ (2017), slip op. at 1, 12.
  2. Esquivel-Quintana, slip op. at 1.
  3. Esquivel-Quintana, slip op. at 1-2.
  4. Esquivel-Quintana, slip op. at 2 (citing Cal. Penal Code Ann. § 261.5(c) (West 2014)).
  5. 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii).
  6. 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(A).
  7. Esquivel-Quintana, slip op. at 2.
  8. Esquivel-Quintana, slip op. at 2 ("In its view, the 3-year age difference required by Cal. Penal Code § 261.5(c) was meaningful.").
  9. Esquivel-Quintana v. Lynch, 810 F.3d 1019 (6th Cir. 2016).
  10. Esquivel-Quintana, slip op. at 4-11.
  11. Esquivel-Quintana, slip op. at 12.
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