Elizabeth Hardy (chemist)

Elizabeth MacGregor Hardy (born July 31, 1915 - died June 26, 2008)[1] was a North American chemist who discovered the Cope rearrangement while working in Arthur Cope's research group at Bryn Mawr College.[2][3][4] The rearrangement drew upon the electronic models of Edward D. Hughes and Christopher Kelk Ingold, but also the non-electronic work of Rainer Ludwig Claisen and Ernst Tietze.[5]

Elizabeth MacGregor Hardy
BornJuly 31, 1915
DiedJune 26, 2008
Alma materBryn Mawr College
Scientific career
FieldsOrganic Chemistry
ThesisMolecular Rearrangements in Three Carbon Systems (1942)

Early life and education

Elizabeth MacGregor Hardy was born in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada to parents Thomas Woodburne Hardy and Margaret Ada (Graham) Hardy. Hardy attended McGill University and graduated with a Bachelor in Science in 1938.[6] In 1939, Hardy obtained a Master of Arts degree from Bryn Mawr College. She went on to do a Ph.D.(organic chemistry) at Bryn Mawr College with Arthur C. Cope, which she completed in 1942.[7] After graduation students, Elizabeth Hardy and Evelyn Hancock coauthored nearly half of Cope's papers from Bryn Mawr.[8]

Hardy went on to work for American Cyanamid.[7]

Career and research

Elizabeth MacGregor Hardy worked as assistant professor of Organic Chemistry at Bryn Mawr College in 1939 and 1940. In the years 1942–1958, Hardy worked as a chemist at Calco Chemical Division. The Elizabeth MacGregor Hardy went on and worked as literature chemist at Lederle Labs from 1958 to 1975. After working for Lederle Labs, Hardy worked as a senior resident literature chemist for American Cyanamid Company from 1975 and on.[6] She was member of American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Chemical Society and Chemical Institute of Canada. Hardy worked on different research fields such as molecular rearrangements, preparation of unsaturated esters and ketones, vat dyestuffs, esterification of leuco vat dyes, organic sulfur compounds, and pharmaceutical chemistry. [6]


Publications and patents

Elizabeth MacGregor Hardy has a considerate number of publications and patents under her name and in collaboration with other scientists.

  • The Introduction of Substituted Vinyl Groups. V. A Rearrangement Involving the Migration of an Allyl Group in a Three-Carbon System. Arthur C. Cope and Elizabeth M. Hardy. Publication date: February 1, 1940 [9]
  • The Introduction of Substituted Vinyl Groups. VI. The Regeneration of Substituted Vinyl Malonic Esters from their Sodium Enolates. Arthur C. Cope and Elizabeth M. Hardy. Publication date: December 1, 1940 [10]
  • The Rearrangement of Allyl Groups in Three-Carbon Systems. Arthur C. Cope, Corris M. Hofmann and Elizabeth M. Hardy. Publication date: July 1, 1941 [11]
  • Aminoalcohols and their Esters. Evelyn M. Hancock, Elizabeth M. Hardy, Dorothea Heyl, Mary Elizabeth Wright and Arthur C. Cope. Publication date: October 1, 1944 [12]
  • Study of the Aqueous Esterification of Anthrahydroquinones. Mario Scalera, William B. Hardy, Elizabeth M. Hardy and Asa W. Joyce. Publication Date:July 1, 1951[13]
  • Some new methods for preparing bunte salts. Hans Z. Lecher and Elizabeth M. Hardy. Publication date: April 1, 1955 [14]
  • Trichloromethyl benzenethio-sulfonates. Elizabeth M. Hardy and John F. Hosler, Bound Brook, Glentworth Lamb, Stamford. Patented: March 24,1959[17]
  • Trichloromethyl 2-methoxy-5-phosphono-benzenethiolsulfonate pesticides. Elizabeth M. Hardy, Hohokus Patented: January 16, 1962 [18]
  • Preparation of s-aryl-thiosulfuric acids. Hans Z. Lecher, Plainfleld, Elizabeth M. Hardy, Bound Brook. Patented: April 12, 1955[19]
  • Preparation of s-aryl-thiosulfuric acids. Hans Z. Lecher, Plainfleld, Elizabeth M. Hardy, Bound Brook. Patented: July 5, 1955[20]
  • 4-alkylmorpholine sulfur trioxide compounds. Mario Scalera, Somerville, Charles T. Lester, De Kalb, Elizabeth M. Hardy, Bound Brook. Patented: November 30, 1948[21]
  • Soluble vat dyes of the acridone series. William B. Hardy and Elizabeth M. Hardy, Bound Brook. Patented: August 18, 1953[22]

References
  1. Ancestry.com.U.S.,Social Security Death Index, 1935-2014. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2014
  2. Olson, Julie A.; Shea, Kevin M. (17 May 2011). "Critical Perspective: Named Reactions Discovered and Developed by Women". Accounts of Chemical Research. 44 (5): 311–321. doi:10.1021/ar100114m. PMID 21417324.
  3. Acton, Q. Ashton (May 1, 2013). Issues in Chemistry and General Chemical Research (2013 ed.). Atlanta, Georgia: ScholarlyEditions. p. 354. ISBN 9781490106311.
  4. Cope, Arthur C.; Hardy, Elizabeth M. (February 1940). "The Introduction of Substituted Vinyl Groups. V. A Rearrangement Involving the Migration of an Allyl Group in a Three-Carbon System". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 62 (2): 441–444. doi:10.1021/ja01859a055.
  5. Gelfert, Axel (2016). How to do science with models : a philosophical primer. Springer International Publishing. pp. 91–95. ISBN 9783319279527.
  6. American Men & Women of Science. New York and Longon: R.R. Bowker Company. 1982. p. 488.
  7. Wilson, Anne M. (2009). "Harry S. Mosher and Arthur C. Cope, Early Organic Chemists Who Mentored Women" (PDF). Bulletin for the History of Chemistry. 34 (1): 21–29. Retrieved 1 November 2019.
  8. Roberts, John D.; Sheehan, John C. (1991). "Arthur Clay Cope" (PDF). Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences. 60: 17–27.
  9. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1940, 62, 2, 441-444 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01859a055
  10. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1940, 62, 12, 3319-3323 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01869a013
  11. . Am. Chem. Soc. 1941, 63, 7, 1852-1857https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01852a014
  12. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1944, 66, 10, 1747-1752 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01238a039
  13. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1951, 73, 7, 3094-3099 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01151a036
  14. J. Org. Chem. 1955, 20, 4, 475-487https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01122a010
  15. Application January 17, 1944, Serial No. 518,585. "United States Patent Office".CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. Application May 21, 1956 Serial No. 585,972. "United States Patent Office".CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. Application May 17,1957. Serial No.659,764. "United States Patent Office".CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. Filed: April 22, 1959, Ser. No. 807980. "United States Patent Office".CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  19. Application May 14, 1953, Serial No. 355,178. "United States Patent Office".CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  20. Application April 7, 1954, Serial No. 421,700. "United States Patent Office".CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  21. Application January 18, 1946, Serial No. 642,102. "United States Patent Office".CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  22. Application January 17, 1951, Serial No. 206,516. "United States Patent Office".CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)


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