Eli M. Black

Eli M. Black (April 9, 1921 – February 3, 1975) was an American businessman. He controlled the United Brands Company.[1] His son Leon Black is a founding member of private equity firm Apollo Management.

Eli M. Black
Born	Elihu Menashe Blachowitz April 9, 1921 Poland
Died	February 3, 1975 (aged 53) New York City, U.S.
Cause of death	Suicide by jumping
Education	Yeshiva University (BA)
Occupation	Businessman
Spouse(s)	Shirley Lubell
Children	2 including Leon Black
Family	Benedict I. Lubell (brother-in-law) Grace Borgenicht Brandt (sister-in-law)

Early life and education

Born Elihu Menashe Blachowitz in Poland, he immigrated to the United States as a child. He attended Yeshiva University, and graduated at the top of his class in 1940.[1] He also received training to be an Orthodox Jewish rabbi and served as the rabbi of a congregation in Woodmere, New York for three and a half years prior to entering business.[2]

Business career

His business career began in investment banking with Lehman Brothers, and then the American Securities Corporation, where he worked on financing for the American Seal-Kap Company, a company that made caps for milk bottles. He was hired to be their chairman and chief executive officer in 1954. Black renamed the company AMK, after its ticker symbol, and turned it into a vehicle for acquisitions; joining the conglomerate bandwagon of the 1960s.[1] Among his many takeovers was the John Morrell & Co. meatpacking company.[1] AMK joined the nation's top 500 companies in 1967. In September 1968, he was hired to take a run at United Fruit by the brokerage firm of Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette.

In 1970 AMK merged with United Fruit Company, and adopted the name United Brands. Black became chairman, president, and CEO. At that time, United Fruit was importing about a third of all the bananas sold in the US and owned the Chiquita banana brand. But Black soon discovered that United Fruit had far less capital than he had believed. The company soon became crippled with debt. The company's losses were exacerbated by Hurricane Fifi in 1974, which destroyed many of its banana plantations in Honduras. In 1974, United Brands reported losses of $40 million for the first three quarters of the year. Black struggled to keep the company solvent, and in December United Brands announced that it was selling its interest in Foster Grant, Inc. for $70 million.

Personal life and death

Black was married to artist Shirley Lubell (sister of Oklahoma Oil Executive Benedict I. Lubell and art dealer Grace Borgenicht Brandt). They had two children: daughter Judy Black Nadler and son Leon Black,[2] founding member of private equity firm Apollo Management.

On February 3, 1975, Black went to his office on the forty-fourth floor of the Pan Am Building in Manhattan. At about 8:00 a.m., he broke the window with his briefcase and jumped to his death, landing on the northbound ramp of Park Avenue beside motorists.[3] A few weeks later the Securities and Exchange Commission uncovered a $1.25 million bribe that United Brands paid to Honduran president Oswaldo López Arellano under authorization by Black in order to obtain a reduction of taxes on banana exports.[4]

He was remembered favorably by a number of prominent people, including Senator Abraham Ribicoff and Amyas Ames, the chairman of Lincoln Center. United Farm Workers president Cesar Chavez said that his career was proof that management could work with farm labor "for the betterment of all." Black served as a trustee of the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, The American Jewish Committee, the Federation of Jewish Philanthropies, Babson College, the Jewish Guild for the Blind, and the Jewish Museum. He had also served as chairman of the Commentary Magazine publication committee.[3] The Eli M. Black Lifelong Learning Center at the Park Avenue Synagogue is named in his honor.[5]

After Black's death, Seymour Milstein and Paul Milstein bought into United Fruit.[6]

Cultural references

Black's suicide was the inspiration for a scene in the 1994 screwball comedy film The Hudsucker Proxy.[7]

See also

• Union of Banana Exporting Countries

References

1. "Prettying Up Chiquita". Time. September 3, 1973. Retrieved 2008-08-22. ...in the late 1960s helped combine a group of small manufacturing companies into AMK Corp. As AMK chairman, he quickly transformed the company into an $840 million-a-year giant by acquiring John Morrell & Co., an ailing meat packer. He then noticed that United Fruit was ripe for picking....
2. St. Petersburg Times: "Violent Death Contradicted Executives' Quiet Life" by Peter T. Kilbourne February 19, 1975
3. "44‐Story Plunge Kills Head of United Brands". The New York Times. February 4, 1975.
4. "Direct Bribe Bid is Laid To Black". The New York Times. May 17, 1975.
5. Lipman, Steve (October 17, 2017). "New Learning Center For Park Avenue Synagogue". The New York Jewish Week.
6. Taylor, Gary; Scharlin, Patricia (April 10, 2004). Smart Alliance: How a Global Corporation and Environmental Activists Transformed a Tarnished Brand. Yale University Press. p. 29. ISBN 9780300128079.
7. Stephen Dalton, Film Choice, The Times, June 21, 2007.

Further reading

• "Eli Black's Rites Attended by 500", The New York Times, February 6, 1975.
• Peter T. Kilborn, "Suicide of Big Executive: Stress of Corporate Life", The New York Times, February 14, 1975.
• Thomas P. McCann, On the Inside, Beverley, Massachusetts: Quinlan Press, 1987. ISBN 0-933341-53-9