Eleonore Prochaska

Marie Christiane Eleonore Prochaska (11 March 1785, in Potsdam – 5 October 1813, in Dannenberg) was a German woman soldier who fought in the Prussian army against Napoleon during the War of the Sixth Coalition.

Eleonore Prochaska
Birth nameMarie Christiane Eleonore Prochaska
Other name(s)August Renz
Born(1785-03-11)11 March 1785
Died5 October 1813(1813-10-05) (aged 28)
Allegiance Prussia
Service/branchArmy
Years of service1813
UnitLützow Free Corps
Battles/warsNapoleonic Wars

Life

Prochaska's father was a noncommissioned officer in the Prussian guards, serving on a low income. She grew up poor and was sent by her father to the military orphanage in Potsdam when her mother died. There she later found work as a domestic servant, though she was also interested in the war against Napoleon from an early age.

During these wars Prochaska disguised herself as a man and registered for 1 Jägerbataillon of the Lützow Free Corps under the name August Renz in 1813, serving first as a drummer, then later in the infantry.[1] She was severely wounded at the Battle of the Göhrde and field surgeons, rushing to treat her wounds, discovered she was a woman and took her to Dannenberg, where she succumbed to her wounds three weeks later.[2]

Legacy

In retrospect, Prochaska was strongly idealized as a chaste heroine and honoured as "Potsdam's Joan of Arc" ("die Potsdamer Jeanne d'Arc"). Various plays and poems were written on her life (including those by Friedrich Rückert and Emil Taubert[3]), whilst Ludwig van Beethoven began a "Bühnenmusik" (WoO 96) on her, with a libretto written by Friedrich Duncker.

In 1863, a commemorative marker was erected over Prochaska's grave at St.-Annen-Friedhof in Danneburg and in 1889 her home town of Potsdam created a monument to her memory ("Der Heldenjungfrau zum Gedächtnis", or "In memory of the maiden-heroine"), which still survives in the almost completely cleared Alten Friedhof (old cemetery).

In music and literature

Ludwig van Beethoven composed incidental music for a play by Johann Friedrich Duncker about Prochaska, entitled Leonore Prohaska. Duncker was Cabinet Secretary for the King of Prussia whom he accompanied to the Congress of Vienna. Despite Duncker's hopes, Leonore Prohaska was not performed in Vienna, which may have been due to the fact that the material had already been treated in Piwald's Das Mädchen von Potsdam which did have a performance in 1814.[4]

Context

Prochaska was one of many German women to fight in the Napoleonic Wars, though almost all of them were ejected from the army when it was found out that they were women. The only known exception was Friederike Krüger (1789–1848), who (thanks to the protection of her brigade commander) became the only known female corporal in the Prussian army. Finally she served in 2nd Garde-Regiment zu Fuß. Her request to retire was accepted in 1816 and she returned to civilian life.

Johanna Stegen (1793–1842), from Lüneburg, fought as a civilian for the rifle battalion of the 1st Pommerian Infantry Regiment in a battle at Lüneburg, where she provided troops with ammunition.

Anna Lühring (1796–1866) joined the Lützower Jäger in 1814 under the name Eduard Kruse and survived the Napoleonic Wars, though her public fame faded quickly.

See also

References
  1. Keubke, Klaus Ulrich; Poblenz, Uwe (2009). Die Freikorps Schill und Lützow im Kampf gegen Napoleon. Schriften zur Geschichte Mecklenburgs (in German). 24. Schwerin. p. 76.
  2. "Cantonnirungs-Quartier Dannenberg, den 7. Oktober". Berlinische Nachrichten von Staats- und gelehrten Sachen (in German) (126). 21 October 1813.
  3. Colvin, Sarah; Watanabe-O'Kelly, Helen, eds. (2009). Women and Death 2: Warlike Women in the German Literary and Cultural Imagination Since 1500. Camden House Publishing. p. 34. ISBN 9781571134004.
  4. Clive, H. P. (2001). Beethoven and His World: A Biographical Dictionary. Oxford University Press. p. 96. ISBN 9780198166726.
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