Electoral history of Richard Neal

Since 1977, Richard Neal has won 3 city council elections, 3 mayoral elections, and 17 United States House of Representatives elections.

Neal in 2012

Neal began his career in elected office after winning election in 1977 to the city council of Springfield, Massachusetts. After twice winning reelection to the city council (in 1979 and 1981), Neal was elected mayor of the city in 1983. He was twice reelected mayor, in 1985 and 1987.

In 1988, Neal was elected as a Democrat to represent Massachusetts 2nd district in the United States House of Representatives. He was subsequently reelected to this district eleven times. In 2012, he was redistricted to Massachusetts 1st district, to which he was elected. He has subsequently been reelected to this district four times, with his latest re-election occurring in 2020.

City council elections

1977

1977 Springfield city councilors at-large election
Candidates	Primary[1]		General election[2]
	Votes	%	Votes	%
Vincent Di Monaco	9,507	7.39	16,174	8.34
Paul M. Kalill	8,702	6.77	15,552	8.02
Richard E. Neal	6,875	5.35	13,416	6.92
Philip A. Contant	5,689	4.43	12,867	6.63
Leonard J. Collamore	7,756	6.03	12,781	6.59
Paul R. Mason	6,169	4.80	12,624	6.51
Thomas J. Costello III	5,903	4.59	11,974	6.17
Rose Marie Coughlin	6,324	4.92	11,821	6.09
Robert T. Markel	3,881	3.02	11,414	5.88
James H. Bloom	6,572	5.11	11,359	5.86
Daniel M. Walsh III	5,972	4.65	10,638	5.48
James A. Murray	5,397	4.20	10,165	5.24
Donald C. Keavany	2,893	2.25	9,001	4.64
Peter J. Jurzynski	4,606	3.58	8,637	4.45
Romeo J. Cyr	4,993	3.88	8,171	4.21
Daniel J. Manning	3,880	3.02	6,611	3.41
Daniel E. O'Malley	3,769	2.93	6,485	3.34
Thomas J. Costello III	2,893	2.25	4,319	2.23
Francis P. Coughlin	2,866	2.23
Edward F. Cass	2,624	2.04
Sidney Chet Chernice	2,439	1.90
Theodore Piwowarczyk	1,892	1.47
Millicent V. Abner	1,827	1.42
Candice Early Lopes	1,625	1.26
Joseph B. Flynn Jr	1,594	1.24
Edward T. Sullivan	1,544	1.20
John A. Wanat	1,496	1.16
William A. Grant	1,421	1.11
Philip J. Glarneau	1,328	1.03
Sidney Silverman	978	0.76
Robert J. Wihbey	957	0.74
George Williams	949	0.74
August Lucia	897	0.70
Paul Sacharczyk	894	0.70
Joseph H. Kirby	538	0.42
Archibald Strong	473	0.37
David J. Peterson	453	0.35
Hindes	1	0.00
Total	128,577	100	194,009	100

1979

1979 Springfield city councilors at-large election[3]
Candidates	Votes	%
Richard E. Neal	15,902	9.93
Vincent DiMonaco	15,020	9.38
Brian Santaniello	14,828	9.26
Rose Marie Coughlin	14,420	9.00
Mary Hurley	13,337	8.33
Philip A. Contant	12,993	8.11
Robert T. Markel	11,679	7.29
Paul R. Mason	11,425	7.13
Peter J. Jurzynski	10,300	6.43
Phillip Hart	10,096	6.30
Morris Jones	6,358	3.97
Cesar Ruiz, Jr.	6,337	3.96
Thomas M. Moriarty	4,884	3.05
Daniel J. Manning	4,692	2.93
Thomas A. Bridges	3,243	2.02
Philip J. Galarneau	3,056	1.90
Alfred J. Rivers	1,634	1.02
Total	160,204	100

1981

1981 Springfield city councilors at-large election
Candidates	Primary[4]		General election[5]
	Votes	%	Votes	%
Richard E. Neal	13,109	9.63	24,452	9.59
Mary Hurley	11,451	8.41	22,032	8.64
Vincent Dimonaco	10,903	8.01	21,790	8.55
Brian A. Santaniello	10,796	7.93	21,360	8.38
Rose Marie Coughlin	10,628	7.81	20,278	7.96
Andrew M. Scibelli	10,583	7.77	19,176	7.52
Robert T. Markel	8,656	6.36	18,618	7.30
Philip A. Contant	9,217	6.77	18,490	7.25
Paul R. Mason	9,879	7.26	17,103	6.71
Francis W. Bloom	7,295	5.36	16,801	6.59
Nicola "Nick" Gioscia	5,602	4.12	11,637	4.57
Michael F. Crowley	6,653	4.89	11,414	4.48
Miguel Rivas Jr.	3,881	2.85	7,349	2.88
Morris Jones	4,882	3.59	6,689	2.62
Harold F. Langford Jr.	3,237	2.38	6,113	2.40
Floyd Narcisse	3,277	2.41	5,390	2.12
Ernest R. Duteau	1,719	1.26	3,197	1.25
Alferd J. Rivers	1,560	1.15	3,031	1.19
Normand W. Oliver	1,552	1.14
Lewis M. Brown	1,255	0.92
Total	136,135	100	254,911	100

Mayoral elections

1983

1983 Springfield, Massachusetts mayoral election
Candidates	Primary[6]		General election[7]
	Votes	%	Votes	%
Richard E. Neal	11,315	85.58	25,462	85.34
William G. Montana	1,113	8.42	4,373	14.66
Joseph D. Harrington	793	6.00
Total	13,221	100	29,835	100

1985

1985 Springfield, Massachusetts mayoral election[8]
Candidate	Votes	%
Richard E. Neal (incumbent)	19,382	92.12
Joseph D. Harrington	1,658	7.88
Total votes	21,040	100

1987

1987 Springfield, Massachusetts mayoral election[9]
Candidate	Votes	%
Richard E. Neal (incumbent)	20,612	91.65
Joseph D. Harrington	1,879	8.36
Total votes	22,491	100

Congressional elections

General election summary table

Year	Winning candidate	Party	Pct	Opponent	Party	Pct	Opponent	Party	Pct	Opponent	Party	Pct	Opponent	Party	Pct
U.S. House, Massachusetts' 2nd congressional district general elections
1988[10]	Richard E. Neal	Democratic	80.23%	Mark Augusti	Peace, Jobs, Justice	19.75%	Others	Write-ins	0.07%
1990[11]	Richard E. Neal	Democratic	67.97%	Others	Write-ins	32.01%
1992[12]	Richard E. Neal	Democratic	53.09%	Anthony W. Ravosa	Republican	31.07%	Thomas R. Sheehan	For the People	15.76%	Others	Write-ins	0.08%
1994[13]	Richard E. Neal	Democratic	58.52%	John M. Braire	Republican	36.32%	Kate Ross	Natural Law	5.08%	Others	Write-ins	0.08%
1996[14]	Richard E. Neal	Democratic	71.67%	Mark Steele	Republican	21.94%	Scott Andrichak	Independent	4.04%	Richard Kaynor	Natural Law	2.25%	Others	Write-ins	0.10%
1998[15]	Richard E. Neal	Democratic	98.94%	Others	Write-ins	1.06%
2000[16][17]	Richard E. Neal	Democratic	98.91%	Others	Write-ins	1.09%
2002[18][19]	Richard E. Neal	Democratic	99.13%	Others	Write-ins	0.87%
2004[20][21]	Richard E. Neal	Democratic	98.73%	Others	Write-ins	1.27%
2006[22][23]	Richard E. Neal	Democratic	99.27%	Others	Write-ins	0.73%
2008[24][25]	Richard E. Neal	Democratic	98.47%	Others	Write-ins	1.53%
2010[26]	Richard E. Neal	Democratic	57.32%	Thomas A. Wesley	Republican	42.61%	Others	Write-ins	0.08%
U.S. House, Massachusetts' 1st congressional district general elections
Year	Winning candidate	Party	Pct	Opponent	Party	Pct	Opponent	Party	Pct	Opponent	Party	Pct
2012[27]	Richard E. Neal	Democratic	98.42%	Others	Write-ins	1.58%
2014[28]	Richard E. Neal	Democratic	98.45%	Others	Write-ins	1.55%
2016[29]	Richard E. Neal	Democratic	73.34%	Frederick O. Mayock	Independent	17.88%	Thomas T. Simmons	Libertarian	8.56%	Others	Write-ins	0.22%
2018[30]	Richard E. Neal	Democratic	97.64%	Others	Write-ins	2.36%
2020[31]	Richard E. Neal	Democratic	96.51%	Alex Morse	Write-in	0.45%	Others	Write-ins	3.04%

1988

1988 Massachusetts's 2nd congressional district Democratic primary[32]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Richard E. Neal	24,523	99.93
	Write-in	Other	18	0.07
Total votes			24,541	100

1988 Massachusetts's 2nd congressional district election[10]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Richard E. Neal	156,262	80.23
	Peace, Jobs Justice	Louis R. Godena	38,466	19.75
	Write-in	Other	52	0.03
Total votes			194,780	100

1990

1990 Massachusetts's 2nd congressional district Democratic primary[33]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Richard E. Neal (incumbent)	51,615	63.61
	Democratic	Theodore E. DiMauro	29,520	36.38
	Write-in	Other	5	0.01
Total votes			81,140	100

1990 Massachusetts's 2nd congressional district election[11]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Richard E. Neal (incumbent)	134,152	67.97
	Write-in	Other	63,169	32.01
Total votes			197,321	100

1992

1992 Massachusetts's 2nd congressional district Democratic primary[34]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Richard E. Neal (incumbent)	30,370	47.72
	Democratic	Kateri B. Walsh	21,709	34.11
	Democratic	Charles A. Platten, Jr.	11,513	18.09
	Write-in	Other	49	0.08
Total votes			63,641	100

1992 Massachusetts's 2nd congressional district election[12]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Richard E. Neal (incumbent)	131,215	53.09
	Republican	Anthony W. Ravosa	76,795	31.07
	For the People	Thomas R. Sheehan	38,963	15.76
	Write-in	Other	190	0.08
Total votes			247,163	100

1994

1994 Massachusetts's 2nd congressional district Democratic primary[35]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Richard E. Neal (incumbent)	25,472	99.82
	Write-in	Other	46	0.18
Total votes			25,518	100

1994 Massachusetts's 2nd congressional district election[13]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Richard E. Neal (incumbent)	117,178	58.52
	Republican	John M. Braire	72,732	36.32
	Natural Law	Kate Ross	10,167	5.08
	Write-in	Other	161	0.08
Total votes			200,238	100

1996

1996 Massachusetts's 2nd congressional district Democratic primary[36]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Richard E. Neal (incumbent)	11,048	99.01
	Write-in	Other	111	1.00
Total votes			11,159	100

1996 Massachusetts's 2nd congressional district election[14]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Richard E. Neal (incumbent)	162,995	71.67
	Republican	Mark Steele	49,885	21.94
	Independent	Scott Andrichak	9,181	4.04
	Natural Law	Richard Kaynor	5,124	2.25
	Write-in	Other	226	0.10
Total votes			227,411	100

1998

1998 Massachusetts's 2nd congressional district Democratic primary[37]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Richard E. Neal (incumbent)	30,785	99.45
	Write-in	Other	169	0.55
Total votes			30,954	100

1998 Massachusetts's 2nd congressional district election[15]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Richard E. Neal (incumbent)	130,550	98.94
	Write-in	Other	1,393	1.06
Total votes			131,943	100

2000

2000 Massachusetts's 2nd congressional district Democratic primary[38]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Richard E. Neal (incumbent)	20,253	86.45
	Democratic	Joseph R. Fountain	3,149	13.44
	Write-in	Other	26	0.11
Total votes			23,428	100

2000 Massachusetts's 2nd congressional district election[16]<[17]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Richard E. Neal (incumbent)	196,670	98.91
	Write-in	Other	2,176	1.09
Total votes			198,846	100

2002

2002 Massachusetts's 2nd congressional district Democratic primary[39]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Richard E. Neal (incumbent)	47,369	99.45
	Write-in	Other	260	0.55
Total votes			47,629	100

2002 Massachusetts's 2nd congressional district election[18][19]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Richard E. Neal (incumbent)	153,387	99.13
	Write-in	Other	1,341	0.87
Total votes			154,728	100

2004

2004 Massachusetts's 2nd congressional district Democratic primary[40]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Richard E. Neal (incumbent)	29,707	99.14
	Write-in	Other	259	0.55
Total votes			29,966	100

2004 Massachusetts's 2nd congressional district election[20][21]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Richard E. Neal (incumbent)	217,682	98.73
	Write-in	Other	2,802	1.27
Total votes			220,484	100

2006

2006 Massachusetts's 2nd congressional district Democratic primary[41]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Richard E. Neal (incumbent)	60,953	99.27
	Write-in	Other	446	0.73
Total votes			61,399	100

2006 Massachusetts's 2nd congressional district election[22][23]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Richard E. Neal (incumbent)	164,939	98.65
	Write-in	Other	2,254	1.35
Total votes			167,193	100

2008

2008 Massachusetts's 2nd congressional district Democratic primary[42]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Richard E. Neal (incumbent)	30,017	98.82
	Write-in	Other	360	1.19
Total votes			30,377	100

2008 Massachusetts's 2nd congressional district election[24][25]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Richard E. Neal (incumbent)	234,369	98.47
	Write-in	Other	3,631	1.53
Total votes			238,000	100

2010

2010 Massachusetts's 2nd congressional district Democratic primary[43]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Richard E. Neal (incumbent)	31,053	98.68
	Write-in	Other	416	1.32
Total votes			31,469	100

2010 Massachusetts's 2nd congressional district election[26]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Richard E. Neal (incumbent)	122,708	57.32
	Republican	Thomas A. Wesley	91,209	42.61
	Write-in	Other	164	0.08
Total votes			214,081	100

2012

2012 Massachusetts's 1st congressional district Democratic primary[44]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Richard Neal (redistricted incumbent)	40,295	65.40
	Democratic	Andrea F. Nuciforo, Jr.	15,159	24.63
	Democratic	Bill Shein	6,059	9.85
	Write-in	Other	33	0.05
Total votes			61,546	100

2012 Massachusetts's 1st congressional district election[27]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Richard E. Neal (redistricted incumbent)	261,936	98.42
	Write-in	Other	4,197	1.58
Total votes			266,133	100

2014

2016 Massachusetts's 1st congressional district Democratic primary[45]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Richard Neal (incumbent)	44,857	98.45
	Write-in	Other	706	1.55
Total votes			45,563	100

2014 Massachusetts's 1st congressional district election[28]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Richard E. Neal (incumbent)	167,612	97.97
	Write-in	Other	3,498	2.04
Total votes			171,110	100

2016

2016 Massachusetts's 1st congressional district Democratic primary[46]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Richard Neal (incumbent)	44,857	98.45
	Write-in	Other	706	1.55
Total votes			45,563	100

2016 Massachusetts's 1st congressional district election[29]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Richard E. Neal (incumbent)	235,803	73.34
	Independent	Frederick O. Mayock	57,504	17.88
	Libertarian	Thomas T. Simmons	27,511	8.56
	Write-in	Other	721	0.22
Total votes			321,539	100

2018

2018 Massachusetts's 1st congressional district Democratic primary[47]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Richard Neal (incumbent)	49,696	70.64
	Democratic	Tahirah Amatul-Wadud	20,565	29.23
	Write-in	Other	93	0.13
Total votes			70,354	100

2018 Massachusetts's 1st congressional district election[30]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Richard E. Neal (incumbent)	211,790	97.64
	Write-in	Other	5,110	2.36
Total votes			216,900	100

2020

2020 Massachusetts's 1st congressional district Democratic primary [48]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Richard E. Neal (incumbent)	84,092	58.64
	Democratic	Alex Morse	59,110	41.22
	Write-in	Other	191	0.13
Total votes			143,393	100

2020 Massachusetts's 1st congressional district election[31]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Richard E. Neal (incumbent)	275,376	96.51
	Write-in	Alex Morse	1,274	0.45
	Write-in	Other	8,682	3.04
Total votes			285,332	100

References

"1977 Primary". Springfield, Massachusetts. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
"November 8, 1977". Springfield, Massachusetts. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
"November 6, 1979". Springfield, Massachusetts. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
"10/6/1981 12:00:00 AM". Springfield, Massachusetts. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
"City Election November 3, 1981". Springfield, Massachusetts. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
"Primary Election Sept. 20,1983". Springfield, Massachusetts. Retrieved December 5, 2019.
"Election November 3, 1983". Springfield, Massachusetts. Retrieved December 5, 2019.
"11/5/1985 12:00:00 AM". Springfield, Massachusetts. Retrieved December 5, 2019.
"11/3/1987 12:00:00 AM". Springfield, Massachusetts. Retrieved December 5, 2019.
"STATISTICS OF THE PRESIDENTIAL AND CONGRESSIONAL ELECTION OF NOVEMBER 8, 1988". United States House of Representatives. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
"STATISTICS OF THE CONGRESSIONAL ELECTION OF NOVEMBER 6, 1990". United States House of Representatives. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
"STATISTICS OF THE PRESIDENTIAL AND CONGRESSIONAL ELECTION OF NOVEMBER 3, 1992". United States House of Representatives. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
"STATISTICS OF THE CONGRESSIONAL ELECTION OF NOVEMBER 8, 1994". United States House of Representatives. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
"STATISTICS OF THE PRESIDENTIAL AND CONGRESSIONAL ELECTION OF NOVEMBER 5, 1996". United States House of Representatives. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
"STATISTICS OF THE CONGRESSIONAL ELECTION OF NOVEMBER 3, 1998". United States House of Representatives. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
"STATISTICS OF THE PRESIDENTIAL AND CONGRESSIONAL ELECTION OF NOVEMBER 7, 2000". United States House of Representatives. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
"STATISTICS OF THE PRESIDENTIAL AND CONGRESSIONAL ELECTION OF NOVEMBER 7, 2000". clerk.house.gov. Clerk of the House of Representatives. June 21, 2001. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
"STATISTICS OF THE CONGRESSIONAL ELECTION OF NOVEMBER 5, 2002". United States House of Representatives. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
"STATISTICS OF THE PRESIDENTIAL AND CONGRESSIONAL ELECTION OF NOVEMBER 5, 2002". clerk.house.gov. Clerk of the House of Representatives. May 1, 2003. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
"STATISTICS OF THE PRESIDENTIAL CONGRESSIONAL ELECTION OF NOVEMBER 2, 2004". United States House of Representatives. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
"STATISTICS OF THE PRESIDENTIAL AND CONGRESSIONAL ELECTION OF NOVEMBER 2, 2004". clerk.house.gov. Clerk of the House of Representatives. June 7, 2005. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
"STATISTICS OF THE CONGRESSIONAL ELECTION OF NOVEMBER 7, 2006". United States House of Representatives. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
"STATISTICS CONGRESSIONAL ELECTION OF NOVEMBER 7, 2006". clerk.house.gov. Clerk of the House of Representatives. June 7, 2005. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
"STATISTICS OF THE PRESIDENTIAL CONGRESSIONAL ELECTIONS OF NOVEMBER 4, 2008". United States House of Representatives. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
"STATISTICS OF THE PRESIDENTIAL AND CONGRESSIONAL ELECTIONS OF NOVEMBER 4, 2008". clerk.house.gov. Clerk of the House of Representatives. June 7, 2005. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
"STATISTICS OF THE CONGRESSIONAL ELECTION OF NOVEMBER 2, 2010". United States House of Representatives. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
"STATISTICS OF THE PRESIDENTIAL AND CONGRESSIONAL ELECTIONS OF NOVEMBER 6, 2012". United States House of Representatives. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
"STATISTICS OF THE CONGRESSIONAL ELECTIONS OF NOVEMBER 4, 2014". United States House of Representatives. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
"STATISTICS OF THE PRESIDENTIAL AND CONGRESSIONAL ELECTIONS OF NOVEMBER 8, 2016". United States House of Representatives. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
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"PD43+ » 2020 U.S. House General Election 1st Congressional District". PD43+. Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. 2020. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
"1988 U.S. House Democratic Primary 2nd Congressional District". PD43+. Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
"1990 U.S. House Democratic Primary 2nd Congressional District". PD43+. Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
"1992 U.S. House Democratic Primary 2nd Congressional District". PD43+. Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
"1994 U.S. House Democratic Primary 2nd Congressional District". PD43+. Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
"1996 U.S. House Democratic Primary 2nd Congressional District". PD43+. Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
"1998 U.S. House Democratic Primary 2nd Congressional District". PD43+. Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
"2000 U.S. House Democratic Primary 2nd Congressional District". PD43+. Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
"2002 U.S. House Democratic Primary 2nd Congressional District". PD43+. Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
"2004 U.S. House Democratic Primary 2nd Congressional District". PD43+. Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
"2006 U.S. House Democratic Primary 2nd Congressional District". PD43+. Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
"2008 U.S. House Democratic Primary 2nd Congressional District". PD43+. Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
"2010 U.S. House Democratic Primary 2nd Congressional District". PD43+. Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
"2012 U.S. House Democratic Primary 1st Congressional District". PD43+. Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
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This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

[1] "1977 Primary". Springfield, Massachusetts. Retrieved February 29, 2020.

[2] "November 8, 1977". Springfield, Massachusetts. Retrieved February 29, 2020.

[3] "November 6, 1979". Springfield, Massachusetts. Retrieved February 29, 2020.

[4] "10/6/1981 12:00:00 AM". Springfield, Massachusetts. Retrieved February 29, 2020.

[5] "City Election November 3, 1981". Springfield, Massachusetts. Retrieved February 29, 2020.

[6] "Primary Election Sept. 20,1983". Springfield, Massachusetts. Retrieved December 5, 2019.

[7] "Election November 3, 1983". Springfield, Massachusetts. Retrieved December 5, 2019.

[8] "11/5/1985 12:00:00 AM". Springfield, Massachusetts. Retrieved December 5, 2019.

[9] "11/3/1987 12:00:00 AM". Springfield, Massachusetts. Retrieved December 5, 2019.

[1988gen-10] "STATISTICS OF THE PRESIDENTIAL AND CONGRESSIONAL ELECTION OF NOVEMBER 8, 1988". United States House of Representatives. Retrieved February 29, 2020.

[1990gen-11] "STATISTICS OF THE CONGRESSIONAL ELECTION OF NOVEMBER 6, 1990". United States House of Representatives. Retrieved February 29, 2020.

[1992gen-12] "STATISTICS OF THE PRESIDENTIAL AND CONGRESSIONAL ELECTION OF NOVEMBER 3, 1992". United States House of Representatives. Retrieved February 29, 2020.

[1994gen-13] "STATISTICS OF THE CONGRESSIONAL ELECTION OF NOVEMBER 8, 1994". United States House of Representatives. Retrieved February 29, 2020.

[1996gen-14] "STATISTICS OF THE PRESIDENTIAL AND CONGRESSIONAL ELECTION OF NOVEMBER 5, 1996". United States House of Representatives. Retrieved February 29, 2020.

[1998gen-15] "STATISTICS OF THE CONGRESSIONAL ELECTION OF NOVEMBER 3, 1998". United States House of Representatives. Retrieved February 29, 2020.

[2000gen1-16] "STATISTICS OF THE PRESIDENTIAL AND CONGRESSIONAL ELECTION OF NOVEMBER 7, 2000". United States House of Representatives. Retrieved February 29, 2020.

[2000gen2-17] "STATISTICS OF THE PRESIDENTIAL AND CONGRESSIONAL ELECTION OF NOVEMBER 7, 2000". clerk.house.gov. Clerk of the House of Representatives. June 21, 2001. Retrieved February 29, 2020.

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