Ekaterina Kalinina

Ekaterina Ivanovna Kalinina (Russian: Екатерина Ивановна Калинина; née Lorberg; 2 July 1882 – 22 December 1960) was the wife of Soviet politician Mikhail Kalinin (1875–1946). Although she was the spouse of the Soviet head of state from 1922 to 1946, she was in a labor camp from 1938 to 1946.[1]

Ekaterina Kalinina
Born
Ekaterina Lorberg

(1882-07-02)2 July 1882
Esna
Died22 December 1960(1960-12-22) (aged 78)
Moscow
NationalityEstonian
OccupationCivil servant
Known forWife of Mikhail Kalinin

Biography

Ekaterina Lorberg was born into an Estonian [1] peasant family on 2 July 1882 in the village of Esna.[2][3] She was an active revolutionary and worked at a textile factory in Estonia.[4] In 1905 she met Mikhail Kalinin in St. Petersburg where she fled due to her revolutionary activities.[4] There Kalinin was working as a lathe operator.[5] They married in 1906[4] and lived in Kalinin's home in the village of Verkhnyaya Troitsa, Tverskaya Gubernia, until 1910.[2][6] Then they settled in St. Petersburg.[2]

Before the Revolution Kalinina worked in a bottle factory[7] and was a member of the Bolshevik Party.[2] The Kalinins had four children, two sons and two daughters.[4][7] According to another report the Kalinin family had three children.[2][6] She along with the children accompanied Kalinin in his exile to Siberia in 1916.[5]

Following the revolution they moved to Moscow.[5] On 30 March 1919, her husband was named head of the party's executive committee and on 30 December 1922, he became head of the central executive committee.[8] Initially the Kalinins lived in a Kremlin apartment which they shared with the Trotskys.[2] They adopted two children and Ekaterina served as the deputy director of a weaving mill in the aftermath of the revolution.[5] In 1924, she left Moscow and her family for the Caucasus to be involved in a literacy campaign in the region, but returned to Moscow in the same year.[5] She became the manager of a big state grain farm in a remote district near Novosibirsk, Siberia, in the early 1930s.[7] Then she served as a member of the Supreme Court until 1938.[2]

She and her friends criticized Stalin's policies, and informers and operative officers transmitted this information to Stalin.[9] Thus, on 25 October 1938 Ekaterina was arrested on charges of being a Trotskyist.[10] Although her husband was the chair of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet - formally the head of state of the USSR (1938–1946), she was tortured in Lefortovo Prison, and on 22 April 1939 she was sentenced to fifteen years of imprisonment in a labor camp.[10] She served in the camp until 14 December 1945 when a special decree of the Presidium ordered her release, which was signed by the secretary of the Presidium, not by her husband, Kalinin.[10] Her release occurred shortly before Kalinin's death.[11][12] However, she was sent into internal exile shortly after her husband's death.[11] Her official rehabilitation took eight more years, and she finally received a document stating that "there was no evidence against her anti-Soviet activities."[10] Ekaterina died on 22 December 1960 at the age of 78.[4]

References
  1. Ernest A. Rappaport (1975). Anti-Judaism: A Psychohistory. Perspective Press. p. 279.
  2. Larisa Vasilyeva (1994). Kremlin Wives. Arcade Publishing. p. 116. ISBN 978-1-55970-260-7.
  3. Evan Mawdsley; Stephen White (2000). The Soviet Elite from Lenin to Gorbachev: The Central Committee and Its Members, 1917-1991. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 59. – via Questia (subscription required)
  4. Olga Prodan. "Prominent Russians: Mikhail Kalinin". RT. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
  5. James Peter Young (2008). "Bolshevik Wives" (PhD Thesis). University of Sydney. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
  6. Екатерина Калинина Tatianis Retrieved 4 October 2013
  7. Grace Hutchins (1934). Women who work. New York: International Publishers. – via Questia (subscription required)
  8. "The Soviet Union". Rulers. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
  9. Miklós Kun (2003). Stalin: An Unknown Portrait. Budapest: Central European University Press. p. 267. – via Questia (subscription required)
  10. Vadim J. Bristein (2001). The Perversion of Knowledge: The True Story of Soviet Science. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. p. 68. – via Questia (subscription required)
  11. Robert C. Tucker (1997). Stalin in Power: The Revolution from Above, 1928-1941. New York: W.W. Norton. p. 447.  – via Questia (subscription required)
  12. Andrew Higgins (17 January 1993). "Secret lives of Kremlin wives". The Independent. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
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