Dyspnoi

Dyspnoi is a suborder of harvestmen, currently comprising 43 extant genera and 356 extant species, although more species are expected to be described in the future. The eight families are currently grouped into three superfamilies: the Acropsopilionoidea, Ischyropsalidioidea, and Troguloidea.

Dyspnoi Temporal range: Carboniferous–present PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Sabacon cavicolens
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Arachnida
Order:	Opiliones
Suborder:	Dyspnoi Hansen & Sørensen, 1904
Superfamilies
Acropsopilionoidea Ischyropsalidoidea Troguloidea
Diversity
8 families, 356 species

Distribution

The Dyspnoi are one of the most biogeographically conserved higher groups of harvestmen. With the exception of Acropsopilioidea, none occur in the Southern Hemisphere, and most families are restricted along temperate regions. The only exceptions are some Ortholasmatinae (Nemastomatidae) inhabiting the tropics on high mountains in Mexico (Ortholasma bolivari) and northern Thailand (Dendrolasma angka).

Systematics

• Acropsopilionoidea
  • Acropsopilionidae (3 genera, 19 species)[1]
• Ischyropsalidoidea
  • Ischyropsalidoidea Incertae sedis
    • Crosbycus dasycnemus[2][3]
    • Hesperonemastoma (5 species)[2][3]
  • Ischyropsalididae
    • Ceratolasmatinae (2 genera, 8 species)[2]
    • Ischyropsalidinae (1 genus, 23 species)[2][4][5]
  • Sabaconidae (1 genus, 57 species)[2][6][7]
  • Taracidae (2 genera, 17 species)[2][3][8]
• Troguloidea
  • Dicranolasmatidae (1 genus, 16 species)[2]
  • Nemastomatidae
    • Nemastomatinae (18 genera, 123 species)[2][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]
    • Ortholasmatinae (7 genera, 27 species)[2][17][18][19][20][21]
  • Nipponopsalididae (1 genus, 3 species)[2]
  • Trogulidae (5 genera, 57 species)[2][22]
• †Halithersidae monotypic, Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian

Footnotes

1. Groh, Selina; Giribet, Gonzalo (2014-06-26). "Polyphyly of Caddoidea, reinstatement of the family Acropsopilionidae in Dyspnoi, and a revised classification system of Palpatores (Arachnida, Opiliones)". Cladistics. 31 (3): 277–290. doi:10.1111/cla.12087. ISSN 0748-3007. S2CID 85408627.
2. Schönhofer, Axel L. (2013). "A taxonomic catalogue of the Dyspnoi Hansen and Sørensen, 1904 (Arachnida: Opiliones)". Zootaxa. 3679: 1–68. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3679.1.1. PMID 26146693. Archived from the original on 2018-10-28. Retrieved 2018-10-25.
3. Shear, William A.; Warfel, Joseph G. (2016). "The harvestman genus Taracus Simon 1879, and the new genus Oskoron (Opiliones: Ischyropsalidoidea: Taracidae)". Zootaxa. 4180 (1): 1–71. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4180.1.1. PMID 27811667. Archived from the original on 2018-10-28. Retrieved 2018-10-25.
4. Hedin, Marshal; Richart, Casey (2013-06-20). "Three new species in the harvestmen genus Acuclavella (Opiliones, Dyspnoi, Ischyropsalidoidea), including description of male Acuclavella quattuor Shear, 1986". ZooKeys (311): 19–68. doi:10.3897/zookeys.311.2920. ISSN 1313-2970. PMC 3698555. PMID 23825441. Archived from the original on 2019-05-24. Retrieved 2019-05-24.
5. Hedin, Marshal; Martens, Jochen; Vernesi, Cristiano; Schönhofer, Axel L. (2015). "Molecular phylogeny, biogeographic history, and evolution of cave-dwelling taxa in the European harvestman genus Ischyropsalis (Opiliones: Dyspnoi)". The Journal of Arachnology. 43 (1): 40–53. doi:10.1636/H14-39.1. hdl:10449/25603. ISSN 0161-8202. S2CID 84835826. Archived from the original on 2020-11-21. Retrieved 2019-05-24.
6. Martens, Jochen (August 2015). "Sabacon Simon, 1879 in the Palaearctic: A survey of new and known species from France, Nepal, India, China, Russia and Japan (Arachnida: Opiliones: Sabaconidae)". Archived from the original on 2018-10-28. Retrieved 2018-10-25. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
7. Zhao, Li Kun; Martens, Jochen; Zhang, Chao (2018). "Two new species of Sabacon Simon, 1879 (Opiliones: Dyspnoi: Sabaconidae) from Yunnan Province, China" (PDF). Zootaxa. 4379 (2): 199–214. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4379.2.3. PMID 29689984. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-09-30. Retrieved 2018-10-25.
8. Shear, William A. (2018). "Taracus aspenae, n. sp. (Opiliones: Taracidae) a new long-jawed harvestman from a cave in northeastern Oregon, U.S.A". Zootaxa. 4413 (3): 524–530. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4413.3.6. PMID 29690099. Archived from the original on 2018-10-28. Retrieved 2018-10-25.
9. Snegovaya, Nataly; Kurt, Kemal; Yağmur, Ersen (2016-06-01). "Mediostoma izmirica sp. nov.: A new harvestman species (Arachnida, Opiliones, Nemastomatidae) from Turkey". Turkish Journal of Zoology. 40: 489–498. doi:10.3906/zoo-1412-10.
10. "A new species of the genus Giljarovia Kratochvil, 1959 (Arachnida: Opiliones: Nemastomatidae) from the Crimea". ResearchGate. Archived from the original on 2020-11-21. Retrieved 2019-05-24.
11. "Hadzinia ferrani, sp. n. (Opiliones: Nemastomatidae), a highly specialized troglobiotic harvestman from Slovenia". ResearchGate. Archived from the original on 2020-11-21. Retrieved 2019-05-24.
12. "Two new harvestman species (Arachnida: Opiliones) from the collection of Siberian Zoological Museum". ResearchGate. Archived from the original on 2020-11-21. Retrieved 2019-05-24.
13. "Nemaspela ladae sp n., a new troglobitic nemastomatid (Opiliones, Dyspnoi, Nemastomatidae) from a Dinaric cave | Request PDF". ResearchGate. Archived from the original on 2020-11-21. Retrieved 2019-05-24.
14. "On Starengovia Snegovaya, a genus of Asian nemastomatines (Arachnida: Opiliones: Nemastomatidae)". ResearchGate. Archived from the original on 2020-11-21. Retrieved 2019-05-24.
15. Zhang, Chao; Martens, Jochen (2018). "Ancient home or in exile? The easternmost species of genus Starengovia Snegovaya, 2010 found in China (Opiliones, Nemastomatidae, Nemastomatinae)". ZooKeys (770): 105–115. doi:10.3897/zookeys.770.25491. ISSN 1313-2970. PMC 6041357. PMID 30002591.
16. "Sinostoma yunnanicum, the first nemastomatine harvestman in China (Arachnida: Opiliones: Nemastomatidae) | Request PDF". ResearchGate. Archived from the original on 2020-11-21. Retrieved 2019-05-24.
17. Cruz López, Jesús Alberto (2017-10-26). "A second species of the genus Martensolasma (Opiliones, Dyspnoi, Nemastomatidae) from Mexico". Zootaxa. 4338 (3): 526–532. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4338.3.7. PMID 29245716. Archived from the original on 2020-11-21. Retrieved 2018-10-25.
18. Zhang, Chao; Zhang, Feng (2013-07-23). "Description of a new Cladolasma (Opiliones: Nemastomatidae: Ortholasmatinae) species from China" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3691 (4): 443–52. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3691.4.3. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 26167596. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-06-06. Retrieved 2020-11-21.
19. Zhang, Feng; Zhao, Likun; Zhang, Chao (2018). "Cladolasma ailaoshan, a new species of the genus Cladolasma Suzuki, 1963 from China (Opiliones, Nemastomatidae, Ortholasmatinae)" (PDF). ZooKeys (748): 11–20. doi:10.3897/zookeys.748.23273. ISSN 1313-2989. PMC 5904526. PMID 29674910. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-09-30. Retrieved 2019-05-24.
20. Cruz-López, Jesús A.; Cruz-Bonilla, Akeri; Francke, Oscar F. (2018-10-03). "Molecules and morphology reveal a new aberrant harvestman genus of Ortholasmatinae (Opiliones, Dypsnoi, Nemastomatidae) from Mexico". Systematics and Biodiversity. 16 (7): 714–729. doi:10.1080/14772000.2018.1476416. ISSN 1477-2000. S2CID 91732391. Archived from the original on 2020-11-21. Retrieved 2019-05-24 – via ResearchGate.
21. "An ancient radiation: Ortholasmatine harvestmen in Asia - a new genus, three new species and a revision of the known species (Arachnida, Opiliones, Nemastomatidae)". ResearchGate. Archived from the original on 2020-11-21. Retrieved 2019-05-23.
22. "Two new harvestman species (Arachnida: Opiliones) from the collection of Siberian Zoological Museum". ResearchGate. Archived from the original on 2020-11-21. Retrieved 2019-05-23.