Dragoman of the Fleet
The Dragoman of the Fleet (Ottoman Turkish: tersâne terdjümân-ı, "Dragoman of the Arsenal";[1] Greek: δραγουμάνος του στόλου) was a senior office in the Ottoman Empire, held by Phanariote Greeks during the 18th and early 19th centuries. As the chief deputy of the Kapudan Pasha, the Dragoman of the Fleet played a leading role in the administration of the various autonomous communities of the islands and coasts of the Aegean Sea that fell within the Eyalet of the Archipelago.
History
The office was established in 1701, in emulation of the Grand Dragoman of the Sublime Porte, which was also reserved for Phanariotes.[1][2][3] Indeed, the post of Dragoman of the Fleet often served as a stepping-stone to that of Grand Dragoman.[3] The dragoman (the term means "interpreter") had to be proficient in the "three languages" (elsine-i selase) of Arabic, Persian, and Turkish that were commonly used in the empire, as well as a number of foreign languages (usually French and Italian),[4] but his role went far beyond a mere interpreter. He was the official intermediary between the Kapudan Pasha, the commander-in-chief of the Ottoman navy who was also governor of the Eyalet of the Archipelago, and the mostly Greek and Christian islanders and inhabitants of the shores of the Aegean Sea during the annual expeditions of the Ottoman fleet for the collection of the taxes, as well as the resolution of administrative problems.[1][3] The post also entailed responsibilities for shipbuilding and naval operations.[4]
The proceeds of the office were considerable, to the tune of 150,000 kuruş, and led to intense competition among the Phanariotes to fill it. This competition involved extensive bribery of Ottoman officials, which was then recuperated from the Christian population by a special levy known as "contribution to the new dragoman" (βοήθεια της νέας δραγομανίας). As the office often changed hands with great frequency, this became a great burden on the ordinary people.[3] The dragoman also had a staff, which was also paid from impositions on the islands: a deputy (Turkish vekil, Greek βεκίλης), a correspondence secretary, and a messenger.[3]
Their role in the administration of the Aegean islands was considerable, as they had the right to apportion taxation, as well as supervise the autonomous local administrations by judging cases themselves or appointing appeal judges. They could impose various fines and penalties, up to the death penalty, which however required the consent of the Kapudan Pasha. Apart from their administrative duties, the dragomans actively promoted education, made donations to churches, codified the customary law of the islands, and intervened in disputes between Orthodox and Catholic islanders.[5]
List of Dragomans of the Fleet
| Name | Portrait | Tenure | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ioannakis Porfyritis | 1701–1710[6] | ||
| Constantine Ventoura | 1713–1731[6] | ||
| Georgios Ramadani | 1731–1743[6] | ||
| Nicholas Mavrogenes |  |
1744–1750[6] 1756–1759[6] |
Subsequently, Prince of Wallachia (1786–1789) |
| Stefanos Dimakis | 1762–1763[6] | ||
| Constantine Mourouzis |  |
1764–1765[7] | Subsequently, Dragoman of the Porte (1774–1777)[7] |
| Stefanos Mavrogenes | 1765[7] | ||
| Nicholas Rosetti | 1765–1767[7] | ||
| Manuel Argyropoulos | 1767–1768[7] | ||
| Constantine Hangerli |  |
1790–1797[7] | Subsequently, Prince of Wallachia (1797–1799)[7] |
| Alexandros Soutzos |  |
1797–1799[7] | Subsequently, Dragoman of the Porte (1799–1801), Prince of Moldavia (1801–1802) and of Wallachia (1819–1821).[7] |
| John N. Caradja | 1799–1800[7] | Subsequently, Dragoman of the Porte (1808).[7] | |
| Panagiotis Mourouzis | 1803–1806[7] | Subsequently, Dragoman of the Porte (1809–1812).[7] | |
| Michael Hangerli | 1806–1807[7] | 1st term.[7] | |
| Iakovos Argyropoulos | 1809[8] | Subsequently, Dragoman of the Porte (1812–1817)[8] | |
| Michael Hangerli | 1810–1811[7] | 2nd term.[7] | |
| Constantine Mavrogenes | 1811–1816[8] | ||
| Michael Manos | 1816–1818[8] | ||
| Michael Mourouzis | 1818–1821[8] | ||
References
- Eliot 1900, p. 307.
- Pallis 1964, p. 110.
- Vakalopoulos 1973, p. 243.
- Philliou 2011, p. 11.
- Vakalopoulos 1973, pp. 243–244.
- Philliou 2011, p. 183.
- Philliou 2011, p. 184.
- Philliou 2011, p. 185.
Sources
- Eliot, Charles (1900). Turkey in Europe. London: Edward Arnold.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Pallis, A. A. (1964). "The Phanariots – A Greek aristocracy under Turkish rule". Greek Miscellany: A Collection of Essays on Mediaeval and Modern Greece. Athens. pp. 102–124.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Philliou, Christine M. (2011). Biography of an Empire: Governing Ottomans in an Age of Revolution. Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-26633-9.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Vakalopoulos, Apostolos E. (1973). Ιστορία του νέου ελληνισμού, Τόμος Δ′: Τουρκοκρατία 1669–1812 – Η οικονομική άνοδος και ο φωτισμός του γένους (Έκδοση Β′) [History of modern Hellenism, Volume IV: Turkish rule 1669–1812 – Economic upturn and enlightenment of the nation (2nd Edition)] (in Greek). Thessaloniki: Emm. Sfakianakis & Sons.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Further reading
- Sfyroeras, Vasileios V. (1965). Οἱ δραγομάνοι τοῦ Στόλου: Ὁ θεσμός καὶ οἱ φορεῖς [The Dragomans of the Fleet: The Institution and the Office-holders] (in Greek). Athens.