Doug Crawford

John Douglas (Doug) Crawford is a Canadian neuroscientist and the scientific director of the Vision: Science to Applications(VISTA) program. He is a professor at York University where he holds the Canada Research Chair in Visuomotor Neuroscience[1] and the title of Distinguished Research Professor in Neuroscience.

Profile picture of John Douglas (Doug) Crawford

Biography

Crawford grew up in London Ontario, where he attended the University of Western Ontario. He completed his BSc in Physiology & Psychology in 1987, studying electrophysiology with Stanley Caveney and Gordon Mogenson. He then studied three-dimensional eye movements with Tutis Vilis at Western, where he held a Medical Research Council (MRC) Studentship (1989-1992) and earned his PhD in Physiology in 1993. Following that, he spent two years (1993-1994) studying head-unrestrained gaze control as an MRC post-doctoral fellow with Daniel Guitton at the Montreal Neurological Institute. in 1995 he joined York University's Department of Psychology and York Centre for Vision Research in Toronto as an assistant professor, later attaining cross appointments to the department of Biology, School of Kinesiology & Health Sciences, and the Neuroscience Graduate Diploma Program. During this period he held a MRC Faculty Scholarship (1996-2001), Tier II Canada Research Chair (2001-2007) and Tier I Canada Research Chair (2007-2021).[1] He became an Associate Professor in 1999, Full Professor in 2005, and Distinguished Research Professor in 2013.[2]

Leadership

Crawford was the founding National Coordinator of the Canadian Action and Perception Network (CAPnet),[3] the founding Canadian director of the Brain in Action International Research Training Program,[4] and the founding coordinator of the York Neuroscience Graduate Diploma Program.[5] He founded York's neurophysiology laboratories,[6] was a founding member of Melvyn A. Goodale's CIHR Group for Action and Perception [7] and founding co-principal investigator for the CIHR Strategic Training Program in Vision Health Research.[8] He Founded the VSS Canadian Vision Social[9] and is a member of the Canadian Brain Research Strategy Neuroscience Leaders Group.[10] He is currently the scientific director of Vision: Science to Applications(VISTA),[11] a Canada First Research Excellence Fund supported research program that integrates York University's biological and computational vision research.

Training

Crawford has supervised over 60 graduate students and post-doctorals, many graduating to successful careers in academia, medicine, and industry.[12] Among his noteworthy former trainees are Pieter Medendorp, Director of the Donders Centre for Cognition in Nijmegen,[13] Julio Martinez-Trujillo, Provincial Endowed Academic Chair in Autism at Western University,[14] Gunnar Blohm, Queens Professor and Founding Co-Director of the International Summer School in Computational Sensory-Motor Neuroscience[15] and Neuromatch Academy,[16] Aarlenne Khan, Canada Research Chair in Vision and Action at Université de Montréal,[17] and Denise Henriques, York Professor and Director of the NSERC CREATE Brain in Action Program.[18] For these activities Crawford received York University's 2003 Faculty of Graduate Studies Teaching Award[19] and 2019 Post-Doctoral Supervisor of the Year Award.[20]

Research

Crawford's research investigates the neural mechanisms of visuospatial memory and sensorimotor transformations for eye, head, and hand motion.[21][22] Recurrent themes in his work include 1) the idea that early representations of movement goals are stored in visual coordinates, updated during self-motion, and then transformed into three-dimensional (3D) commands for different body parts, 2) the use of theory-driven, multimodal neuroscience techniques, and 3) the use of 3D measurements and analysis of eye and body orientation.[23] Some noteworthy findings and discoveries by Crawford and co-workers include:

  • the first recordings of 3D Vestibulo–ocular reflex axes and Listing's law during head rotation[24]
  • discovery of the midbrain neural integrators for holding vertical and torsional eye orientation[25] and head orientation.[26]
  • the use of psychophysics and fMRI to show that human parietal lobe retains and updates saccade and reach goals in gaze-centered coordinates,[27][28]
  • the use of stimulation-evoked eye-head movements to show that the superior colliculus encodes gaze goals in retinal coordinates,[29] whereas frontal cortex employs multiple coordinate frames[30]
  • the use of visual psychophysics and eye tracking to show that ocular dominance reverses for left and right visual stimuli,[31] how Listing's law of two eyes interacts with stereopsis[32] and that optimal integration theory can explain perisaccadic change blindness[33]
  • the use of fMRI and TMS to map saccade vs. reach function in human posterior parietal cortex [34]
  • the use of TMS [35] and neuroimaging [36] to show that frontal and parietal cortex are both involved in Transsaccadic memory of visual features.
  • the discovery that remembered visual stimuli are continuously updated across the superior colliculus during smooth pursuit eye movements,[37]
  • the use of MEG[38] and neurophysiological recordings[39] to track visuomotor transformations within neural populations in real time.
  • the use of computational modeling & psychophysics,[40] neuroimaging,[41] and neurophysiology[42] to determine how allocentric and egocentric representations are stored and integrated for goal-directed action.

Crawford and colleagues have also applied this research to understand the mechanisms behind visual and neurological disorders such as amblyopia,[43] cervical dystonia[44] and optic ataxia.[45]

Research Awards

Crawford has been listed amongst the world's top 2% researchers.[46] In addition to the research fellowships, research chairs and teaching awards cited above, Crawford has received various research awards. He was awarded the Governor General's Academic Gold medal[47] for his PhD work with Tutis Vilis. Since then, he has won various research prizes, including the 1995 Polanyi Prize in Physiology/Medicine, an Alfred P Sloan Fellowship,[48][49] the 2000 Ontario Premier's Research Excellence Award, the 2002 CIFAR Young Explorer Award (awarded to the "top 20 young investigators in Canada"), the 2004 Steacie prize (awarded to "a scientist or engineer of 40 years of age or less for outstanding scientific research carried out in Canada."),[50] the 2016 Canadian Physiological Society Sarrazin Award.,[51] and the 2018 York President's Research Excellence Award.[52]

References
  1. "York U. Psychologist Doug Crawford wins Canada Research Chair in visual functions of the brain | York Media Relations". news.yorku.ca. Retrieved 2018-04-03.
  2. http://yfile.news.yorku.ca/2013/05/07/two-profs-awarded-2013-distinguished-research-professor-title/
  3. "Western, York and Queens joint neuroscience initiative | Robarts Research". www.robarts.ca. Retrieved 2018-04-03.
  4. "DFG, German Research Foundation - A spotlight on: 'Brain in Action'". www.dfg.de. Retrieved 2018-04-03.
  5. "SIGNAL/NOISE newsletter" (PDF).
  6. url=http://health.yorku.ca/health-profiles/index.php?mid=6957
  7. url=http://webapps.cihr-irsc.gc.ca/funding/detail_e?pResearchId=7998385&p_version=CRIS&p_language=E&p_session_id=
  8. url=http://webapps.cihr-irsc.gc.ca/funding/detail_e?pResearchId=7979480&p_version=CRIS&p_language=E&p_session_id=
  9. https://www.visionsciences.org/programs/VSS_2018_Program.pdf
  10. https://canadianbrain.ca/about/
  11. "World Leading Vision Research Program Receives Canada's Premiere Grant | York Media Relations". news.yorku.ca. Retrieved 2018-04-03.
  12. "The Visuomotor Neuroscience Lab - Alumni". www.yorku.ca. Retrieved 2018-04-03.
  13. https://www.ru.nl/english/people/medendorp-w/
  14. http://www.robarts.ca/dr-julio-martinez-trujillo-appointed-academic-chair-autism
  15. http://www.compneurosci.com/blohm.html
  16. https://www.neuromatchacademy.org/who-we-are
  17. http://www.opto.umontreal.ca/visattac/en/links.html
  18. http://deniseh.lab.yorku.ca/
  19. https://gradstudies.yorku.ca/faculty-staff/academic-affairs/teaching-award/
  20. https://gradstudies.yorku.ca/2019/11/2019-postdoc-super-award/
  21. Crawford, JD; Martinez-Trujillo, JC; Klier, EM (2003). "Neural control of three-dimensional eye and head movements". Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 13 (6): 655–662. doi:10.1016/j.conb.2003.10.009. ISSN 0959-4388. PMID 14662365.
  22. Crawford, J. D.; Medendorp, W. P.; Marotta, J. J. (2004). "Spatial Transformations for Eye–Hand Coordination". Journal of Neurophysiology. 92 (1): 10–19. doi:10.1152/jn.00117.2004. ISSN 0022-3077. PMID 15212434.
  23. Crawford, J. Douglas; Henriques, Denise Y.P.; Medendorp, W. Pieter (2011). "Three-Dimensional Transformations for Goal-Directed Action". Annual Review of Neuroscience. 34 (1): 309–331. doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-061010-113749. ISSN 0147-006X. PMID 21456958.
  24. Crawford, J. D.; Vilis, T. (1991). "Axes of eye rotation and Listing's law during rotations of the head". Journal of Neurophysiology. 65 (3): 407–423. doi:10.1152/jn.1991.65.3.407. ISSN 0022-3077. PMID 2051188. S2CID 18736605.
  25. Crawford, J.; Cadera, W.; Vilis, T. (1991). "Generation of torsional and vertical eye position signals by the interstitial nucleus of Cajal". Science. 252 (5012): 1551–1553. doi:10.1126/science.2047862. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 2047862. S2CID 15724175.
  26. Klier, E. M. (2002). "Midbrain Control of Three-Dimensional Head Orientation". Science. 295 (5558): 1314–1316. doi:10.1126/science.1067300. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 11847347.
  27. Henriques, D. Y.; Klier, E. M.; Smith, M. A.; Lowy, D.; Crawford, J. D. (1998-02-15). "Gaze-centered remapping of remembered visual space in an open-loop pointing task". The Journal of Neuroscience. 18 (4): 1583–1594. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.18-04-01583.1998. ISSN 0270-6474. PMC 6792733. PMID 9454863.
  28. Medendorp, W. Pieter; Goltz, Herbert C.; Vilis, Tutis; Crawford, J. Douglas (2003-07-16). "Gaze-centered updating of visual space in human parietal cortex". The Journal of Neuroscience. 23 (15): 6209–6214. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-15-06209.2003. ISSN 1529-2401. PMC 6740538. PMID 12867504.
  29. Klier, Eliana M.; Wang, Hongying; Crawford, J. Douglas (2001). "The superior colliculus encodes gaze goals in retinal coordinates". Nature Neuroscience. 4 (6): 627–632. doi:10.1038/88450. ISSN 1097-6256. PMID 11369944.
  30. Martinez-Trujillo, Julio C.; Medendorp, W.Pieter; Wang, Hongying; Crawford, J.Douglas (2004). "Frames of Reference for Eye-Head Gaze Commands in Primate Supplementary Eye Fields". Neuron. 44 (6): 1057–1066. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2004.12.004. ISSN 0896-6273. PMID 15603747.
  31. Khan, Aarlenne Z; Crawford, J.Douglas (2001). "Ocular dominance reverses as a function of horizontal gaze angle". Vision Research. 41 (14): 1743–1748. doi:10.1016/S0042-6989(01)00079-7. ISSN 0042-6989. PMID 11369037.
  32. Schreiber, Kai; Crawford, J. Douglas; Fetter, Michael; Tweed, Douglas (2001). "The motor side of depth vision". Nature. 410 (6830): 819–822. doi:10.1038/35071081. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 11298450.
  33. Niemeier, Matthias; Crawford, J. Douglas; Tweed, Douglas B. (2003). "Optimal transsaccadic integration explains distorted spatial perception". Nature. 422 (6927): 76–80. doi:10.1038/nature01439. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 12621435.
  34. Vesia, M.; Prime, S. L.; Yan, X.; Sergio, L. E.; Crawford, J. D. (2010). "Specificity of Human Parietal Saccade and Reach Regions during Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation". Journal of Neuroscience. 30 (39): 13053–13065. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1644-10.2010. ISSN 0270-6474. PMC 6633525. PMID 20881123.
  35. Prime, S. L.; Vesia, M.; Crawford, J. D. (2011). "Cortical mechanisms for trans-saccadic memory and integration of multiple object features". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 366 (1564): 540–553. doi:10.1098/rstb.2010.0184. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 3030828. PMID 21242142.
  36. Baltaretu, Binaca R; Monaco, Simona; Velji-Ibrahim, Jena; Luabeya, Gaelle N; Crawford, John Douglas (2020). "Parietal Cortex Integrates Saccade and Object Orientation Signals to Update Grasp Plans". Journal of Neuroscience. 40 (23): 4525–4535.
  37. Dash, Suryadeep; Yan, Xiaogang; Wang, Hongying; Crawford, John Douglas (2015). "Continuous Updating of Visuospatial Memory in Superior Colliculus during Slow Eye Movements". Current Biology. 25 (3): 267–274. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.11.064. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 25601549.
  38. Blohm, G; Alikhanianac, H; Gaetz, W; Goltz, H.C.; DeSouzabce, J.F.X.; Cheyne, D.O.; Crawford, J.D. (2019). "Neuromagnetic signatures of the spatiotemporal transformation for manual pointing". NeuroImage. 197: 306–319.
  39. Sajad, Amirsaman; Sadeh, Morteza; Yan, Xiaogang; Wang, Hongying; Crawford, John Douglas (2016). "Transition from Target to Gaze Coding in Primate Frontal Eye Field during Memory Delay and Memory–Motor Transformation". eNeuro. 3. PMID 27092335.
  40. Byrne, Patrick; Crawford, John Douglas (2010). "Cue reliability and a landmark stability heuristic determine relative weighting between egocentric and allocentric visual information in memory-guided reach". Journal of Neurophysiology. 103: 3054–3069.
  41. Chen, Ying; Monaco, Simona; Byrne, Byrne; Yan, Xiaogang; Henriques, Denise Y.P.; Crawford, John Douglas (2014). "Allocentric versus egocentric representation of remembered reach targets in human cortex". Journal of Neuroscience. 10 (37): 12515–12526.
  42. Bharmauria, Vishal; Sajad, Amir; Li, Jirui; Yan, Xiaogang; Wang, Hongying; Crawford, John Douglas (2020). "Integration of Eye-Centered and Landmark-Centered Codes in Frontal Eye Field Gaze Responses". Cerebral Cortex. 30 (9): 4995–5013.
  43. Niechwiej-Szwedo, Ewa; Goltz, Herbert C; Chandrakumar, Manokaraananthan; Hirji, Zahra; Crawford, John Douglas; Wong, Agnes M. F. (2011). "Effects of Anisometropic Amblyopia on Visuomotor Behavior, Part 2: Visually Guided Reaching". Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 52: 795–803.
  44. Shaikh, Aasef G.; Zee, David S.; Crawford, J. Douglas; Jinnah, Hyder A. (2016). "Cervical dystonia: a neural integrator disorder". Brain. 139 (10): 2590–2599. doi:10.1093/brain/aww141. ISSN 0006-8950. PMC 5840887. PMID 27324878.
  45. Khan, A Z; Pisella, L; Vighetto, A; Cotton, F; Luauté, J; Boisson, D; Salemme, R; Crawford, J D; Rossetti, Y (2005). "Optic ataxia errors depend on remapped, not viewed, target location". Nature Neuroscience. 8 (4): 418–420. doi:10.1038/nn1425. ISSN 1097-6256. PMID 15768034.
  46. Ioannidis, John P. A.; Boyack, Kevin W.; Baas, Jeroen (2020-10-16). "Updated science-wide author databases of standardized citation indicators". PLOS Biology. 18 (10): e3000918. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000918. ISSN 1545-7885. PMC 7567353. PMID 33064726.
  47. https://www.gg.ca/honour.aspx?id=5775&t=1&ln=Crawford
  48. "Past Fellows". sloan.org. Retrieved 2018-04-03.
  49. http://cou.on.ca/about/awards/john-charles-polanyi/prize-winners/
  50. http://www.steacieprize.ca/recipients_e.html
  51. http://www.cpsscp.ca/sarrazin-award-lectureship
  52. http://yfile.news.yorku.ca/2018/05/16/professors-doug-crawford-and-sapna-sharma-honoured-with-presidents-research-awards/
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