Dobrovolsk

Dobrovolsk (Russian: Добровольск, lit. "Voluntary Town"; German: Pillkallen or Schloßberg; Lithuanian: Pilkalnis; Polish: Pilkały), formerly Pillkallen (1510-1938) and Schloßberg (1938-1947) is a village in Krasnoznamensky District of Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia. It has a population of 1,693 (2010).

Dobrovolsk

Добровольск
The memorial complex to soldiers killed in World War II
Flag
Location of Dobrovolsk
Dobrovolsk
Location of Dobrovolsk
Dobrovolsk
Dobrovolsk (Kaliningrad Oblast)
Coordinates: 54°46′0″N 22°31′0″E
CountryRussia
Federal subjectKaliningrad Oblast
Administrative districtKrasnoznamensky District
Founded1510 (earliest surviving record)
Population
 • Total1,693
Time zoneUTC+2 (MSK–1 [2])
Postal code(s)[3]
238743
OKTMO ID27713000291
Surviving German buildings in the former market place.

Historically known as Pillkallen, the village belonged to Prussia since 1701 and the German Empire since the unification of Germany in 1871, and was located in the province of East Prussia until 1945. During the Nazi Germany era it was renamed Schloßberg until the territory was annexed by the Soviet Union following World War II. The village was renamed Dobrovolsk and was briefly the administrative center of Pilkalensky District, however the district center was moved to Krasnoznamensk and reformed into Krasnoznamensky District.

History

Russian sources give the date of the earliest record of the village as 1510, while the earliest surviving German language record dates from 1516 under the name Schlosbergk, and slightly later the name Mühlenberg is also used. Nevertheless, it is believed that there was already a trading settlement in existence before this. The name Pillkallen first appears in the records in 1545 in connection with an inheritance dispute, and is thought to have originated with Lithuanian settlers, derived from the Lithuanian language term pilkalnis, meaning hill, mound, or castle mound. In 1549 a wooden church was built in the developing market town and a school was established in 1550.

Between 1709 and 1711 the population was devastated by plague, but the village was reinhabited by a wave of Protestant settlers from Nassau. The king Frederick William I of Prussia granted Pillkallen along with nearby Gumbinnen (now Gusev) town privileges in 1725, and stone church was built in 1756 using locally produced fieldstones. Pillkallen became an administrative sub-centre under Gumbinnen, and two centuries of moderate prosperity followed during which Pillkallen became known for local agricultural fairs and for the quality of local agricultural produce, including cheeses and the local Pillkanis beer. In 1892 the village saw the opening of a railway connection to Stallupönen (now Nesterov) followed in 1901 by a narrow gauge railway to Lasdehnen (now Krasnoznamensk).

With the outbreak of World War I, Pillkallen was attacked by the invading Russian Imperial Army under Lt. Gen. Khan of Nakhichevan in August 1914, and again between October 1914 and January 1915, which led to the town being almost entirely destroyed. After the end of the war in 1918, it was rebuilt with help from Breslau (now Wrocław) which was then in Germany and Pillkallen’s partner town. Between 1933 and 1934 a hospital able to accommodate 130 patients was opened, as well as a sports stadium and a municipal swimming pool. With nationalism still on the rise across most of Europe during the twentieth century, in 1938 the Nazi era government renamed the village from Pillkallen (due to its Lithuanian origins) to Schloßberg, a modern Germanized form of the Old Prussian name.

In 1944, during the later stages World War II when the Soviet Union had entered Germany, the area was assigned to the 3rd Belorussian Front of the Red Army. In the closing months of war the village found itself at the centre of bitter fighting between the Red Army and the German Wehrmacht, changing hands four times until 15 January 1945 when it was finally held by the Red Army. Schloßberg was again destroyed and all that was left of the eighteenth-century church was its stone font. Schloßberg was located in the section of East Prussia ceded to the Soviet Union, forming Kaliningrad Oblast, and became the administrative center of the short-lived Pilkalensky District until 1947 when Krasnoznamensky District was formed in its place, and the administrative functions moved to Krasnoznamensk (formerly Lasdehnen until 1938) as it had been less damaged during the war. Schloßberg lost its municipal status and was renamed Dobrovolsk, meaning "voluntary town", reportedly because the German soldiers in the village eventually surrendered to the Red Army rather than continue fighting. Dobrovolsk was formally designated a village (Добровольский сельский Совет) and in 1990 its municipal status was modified to "rural district" (Добровольский сельский округ). By the end of the twentieth century, the village and its immediate surroundings remained largely destroyed from war damage.

On July 30, 2009, the flag and the coat of arms of Dobrovolsk were approved.

Memorials and Cemeteries

Although much of the town remains destroyed from World War II, it is nevertheless home to numerous memorials and cemeteries reflecting the fighting of the recent centuries. An obelisk commemorates Prussian soldiers killed in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871, and there is a First World War cemetery containing the graves of fallen Germans and Russian soldiers. A Soviet Memorial Complex commemorating the fallen of the World War II, of whom approximately 5,300 are buried here.

Demography
Population
1875[4] 1880[5] 1890[6] 1910[7] 1933[8] 1939[9] 2010
2,386 2,648 2,869 4,347 5,005 5,833 1,693

Where religion is recorded from the census process, pre-1945 census data show the religious affiliation of the population as overwhelmingly Prussian Evangelical. In 1890, 34 people were recorded as Jewish and 8 people were recorded as Roman Catholic.

Location

Dobrovolsk is located approximately 12 km (8 miles) to the north of Nesterov and 15 km (9 miles) south of the regional capital of Krasnoznamensk. It is approximately 25 km (16 miles) to the south of the border with Lithuania, which between 1945 and 1990 was an internal border within the Soviet Union but has subsequently become an international border. The city of Kaliningrad itself is approximately 150 km (92 miles) to the west on the far side of Kaliningrad Oblast.

Culture
Pillkaller

Pillkaller Machandel, a liquor made using corn brandy/schnapps, liver sausage and mustard, is named after the town.

Notable people

References
  1. Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). "Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1" [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
  2. "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). 3 June 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
  3. Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in Russian)
  4. http://www.geschichte-on-demand.de/pillkallen.html 1875 census data: note that the town then was identified as Schloßberg (früher Pillkallen, russ. Dobrwolsk) (Schlossberg (formerly Pollkallen, Russian Dobrwolsk ))
  5. http://www.geschichte-on-demand.de/pillkallen.html 1880 census data: note that the town then was identified as Schloßberg (früher Pillkallen, russ. Dobrwolsk) (Schlossberg (formerly Pollkallen, Russian Dobrwolsk ))
  6. http://www.geschichte-on-demand.de/pillkallen.html 1890 census data: note that the town then was identified as Schloßberg (früher Pillkallen, russ. Dobrwolsk) (Schlossberg (formerly Pollkallen, Russian Dobrwolsk ))
  7. http://www.geschichte-on-demand.de/pillkallen.html 1910 census data: note that the town then was identified as Schloßberg (früher Pillkallen, russ. Dobrwolsk) (Schlossberg (formerly Pollkallen, Russian Dobrwolsk ))
  8. http://www.geschichte-on-demand.de/pillkallen.html 1933 census data: note that the town then was identified as Schloßberg (früher Pillkallen, russ. Dobrwolsk) (Schlossberg (formerly Pollkallen, Russian Dobrwolsk ))
  9. http://www.geschichte-on-demand.de/pillkallen.html 1939 census data: note that the town then was identified as Schloßberg (früher Pillkallen, russ. Dobrwolsk) (Schlossberg (formerly Pollkallen, Russian Dobrwolsk ))
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