Discretion

Discretion has the meaning of acting on one's own authority and judgment. In law, discretion as to legal rulings, such as whether evidence is excluded at a trial, may be exercised by a judge. Discretion exists at all levels of law enforcement , Politics and Governments and in many types of front-line bureaucrats. Discretion has been called "the Art of suiting the action to particular circumstances" (Lord Scarman). Those in a position of power are most often able to exercise discretion as to how they will apply or exercise that power. The ability to make decisions which represent a responsible choice and for which an understanding of what is lawful, legal , right or wise may be presupposed.[1]

In Government law

In the legal system, discretion is often defined as the ability of a judge to choose where, how and with what severity to sentence a person who has been convicted. A person chooses to utilize his or her options and decides which to use, whether this is a police officer arresting a person on the street (criminal) or evicting someone from an apartment (civil) or anywhere in between.[2] There are some arguments that implementing discretion overrules or weakens the rule of law. However, laws cannot be written without using discretion and therefore the rule of law serves to guide discretion towards societal expectations, norms and, at least in part, public interest[3]

Criminal

The term crime is defined as an action that is by law, banned or restricted and enforced via Punishment.[4] But, where law ends and discretion begins lies in implementing those laws. The enforcers, police officers, are tasked with enforcing these regulations, but they often have the discretion of when to file charges and arrest. For example, a traffic violation, the police officer may simply issue a warning. In fact discretion can be found in all stages of the criminal justice system.[5] The victim, has the discretion to use self defense and to report the crime given the opportunity. The Dispatch officer decides the priority of the call, an officer responding has discretion to take statements from witnesses as well as detain potential suspects. The suspect/the accused has the discretion to obtain a lawyer, how they will plead and to accept a plea bargain. The prosecutor has the choice (prosecutorial discretion) to prosecute a case or drop the charges as well as suggesting plea bargains. The judge has discretion every time an objection is raised or evidence is given. The jury has discretion over the final verdict. These examples are only a small cross section of the chain of choices that is criminal law.

Police Officer making an arrest

Environmental

One article shows that when officers respond to a call for service, if an area has a high rate of Black or wealthy citizens then it significantly affects the officers' decision to downgrade a crime or incident reported. Officers' experience in different surroundings affect the way they react to service calls. The economic status, poverty level, race and ethnicity influence the officer and how he sees and reacts to his surroundings. Scholar Michael Banton stated that "In different neighborhoods police provide different services". This is a good example of how and why police are able to use discretion in the performance of their duties. Different environments and neighborhoods provide different levels of dangers and greater levels of crime taking place than others. Which is why an officer might choose to downgrade a crime in a wealthy neighborhood compared to an economically unstable one. The article also states that merely being in a different environment from the one the officer lives in or is accustomed to forces the officer to treat it differently.

Thus, the officer would then treat the individuals differently. This can be an argument either for or against police using discretion. On the one hand, all people should be treated equally regardless of race or economic status. On the other hand, officer and public safety are the most important duties for an officer. If an officer can recognize that a certain area requires a different approach in order to keep that safety, they should use that discretion appropriately.[6]

Prosecutor at work

Civil

In civil actions, judges and juries are also deemed to have discretion in the matter of damages. Judges also have discretion in the grant or denial of certain motions, e.g. a motion for a continuance.

Criminal

Prosecutors have a huge discretional role in the criminal justice process. They have the ability to initiate and terminate all criminal prosecutions. They have to use discretion to weigh the rights of the accused, the feelings of the victim, and the capacity of prisons when determining a proper punishment. Prosecutors control plea bargains and thus have possibly the most discretion-based role in the criminal justice process. If they believe a person deserves to be in prison, they will pursue that route, knowing that the prisons are very full and would then lead to a person being released early without serving his full sentence.[7]

Abuse

It is often hard to control officers' use of discretion because of the way it is applied to situations. "Policing the police" is a very important part in maintaining a balance of police discretion and controlling it so the power of discretion is not abused. Unfortunately, the police have an ability to perform an abuse of discretion without being noticed or regulated by the judicial or legislative community in what is referred to as the "legal shadow". In this place questionable police tactics are being performed and, in a sense, covered up with police privilege backed by government support. Although there has been some effort by the federal government to regulate police discretion, unless there is a conflict including the Constitution, it is difficult for them to involve themselves. Most of the time police misconduct doesn't draw enough attention to include federal intervention.[8]

The exercise of discretion by judges is an inherent aspect of judicial independence under the doctrine of the separation of powers. The standard of review applied to appeals from decisions involving the exercise of judicial discretion is "abuse of discretion."

"An abuse of discretion is a failure to take into proper consideration the facts and law relating to a particular matter; an arbitrary or unreasonable departure from precedent and settled judicial custom."[9] On appeal of an exercise of judicial discretion, "abuse of discretion" is a standard of review requiring the appellate court to find that the lower court's decision would "shock the conscience" of a reasonable person in order to reverse the decision below.

Positive use

Studies show that police officers use discretion to simplify their very complex job requirements and also to identify certain individual priorities, as each officer has to apply the very broad and often contradictory laws put into place by statutes and policymakers. If officers had to cite or make an arrest on every law being broken, we would need a police officer for every 2-3 citizens. We leave it up to the individual officer to use discretion in cases where a gray area resides. Should an officer ticket every person that speeds? Where do they draw the line? This is one of many situations where discretion comes into place. There are other things that contribute to the individual officer's use of their discretion. Often the sex or minority status of an officer would lead them to act in different ways and use discretion in different ways than that of the opposite. Where an officer was raised or what they have experienced would lead them to react to scenarios differently.

Not all discretionary usage by law enforcement is negative. They often use it so that they can simplify and weed out the true criminals from the average citizen.[10]

Discretion is the better part of valor

"Discretion is the better part of valor" is an idiom which is generally understood to mean the avoidance of problems or unnecessary risks by thinking carefully and exercising caution before taking action.[11][12]

The phrase is also found in Act V, Scene IV of the Shakespearean play Henry IV, Part 1, spoken by Falstaff to Prince Hal when the latter has mistaken the former for dead. Falstaff, who had been playing dead on the battlefield to avoid being killed,[13] tells Hal, "The better part of valour is discretion; in the which better part I have saved my life."[14]

Other contexts

The term often comes as part of "Viewer Discretion Is Advised" warning on TV shows before the show begins. In this context, VDA implies the show's content may not be suitable for younger viewers; that is, too explicit in terms of nudity, violence, sexual content, or language. From the book of Proverbs "As a jewel of gold in a swine's snout, so is a fair woman which is without discretion."[15]

References

1. See Websters Third New International Dictionary (unabridged).
2. Thorburn, Malcolm (Apr 2008). "Justifications, Powers, and Authority". Yale Law Journal. 117 (6): 1070–1130. doi:10.2307/20454675. JSTOR 20454675.
3. Shane, Peter M (Winter 2013). "THE RULE OF LAW AND THE INEVITABILITY OF DISCRETION". Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy. 36 (1): 21–28. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
4. Merriam-Webster. "Crime". Merriam-Webster.com. Retrieved 10 October 2014.
5. Thorburn, Malcolm (Apr 2008). "Justifications, Powers, and Authority". Yale Law Journal. 117 (6): 1070–1130. doi:10.2307/20454675. JSTOR 20454675.
6. Cynthia Lum (2011) The Influence of Places on Police Decision Pathways: From Call for Service to Arrest, Justice Quarterly, 28:4, 631-665
7. MISNER, RL. RECASTING PROSECUTORIAL DISCRETION. Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology. 86, 3, 717, 1996. ISSN 0091-4169.
8. JAROS, DM. PREEMPTING THE POLICE. Boston College Law Review. 55, 4, 1149-1195, Sept. 2014. ISSN 0161-6587
9. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-07-18. Retrieved 2013-12-05.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
10. LAFRANCE, TC. Targeting discretion: an exploration of organisational communication between rank levels in a medium-sized Southern US police department. International Journal of Police Science & Management. 13, 2, 158-171, 2011. ISSN 1461-3557.
11. "Definition of discretion is the better part of valor - idiom". Webster's Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved February 17, 2019.
12. "Meaning of discretion is the better part of valour in English". Cambridge Dictionary. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved February 17, 2019.
13. "Henry IV, Part 1 - work by Shakespeare". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved February 17, 2019.
14. "The First part of King Henry the Fourth - Act 5, Scene 4". shakespeare.mit.edu. The Tech. Retrieved February 17, 2019.
15. Holy Bible: Standard Text (Benjamin Blayney, ed., Holy Bible: Standard Text, Oxford University Press, 1769. Printed by T. Wright and W. Gill, printers to the University. ed.). Oxford University Press. 1769. Retrieved 1 June 2020.